Microsystem Bronfenbrenner Analysis Essay Example

Microsystem Bronfenbrenner Analysis Paper Bronfenbrenner’s hypothesis known as the biological frameworks hypothesis sees at a child’s improvement the viewpoint of the arrangement of cooperations that structure their condition (Addison, 1992). He depicts complicated ‘levels’ of condition, every one having results on a child’s advancement. Bronfenbrenner’s biological framework hypothesis takes a gander at the child’s condition regarding its quality and setting. As of late there has been a move as some have renamed the hypothesis â€Å"bioecological frameworks theory† to stretch that a child’s own science is a chief situation energizing her/his turn of events. In this way, a child’s improvement is animated and directed by the relationship between factors in the child’s developing science, for example, his close family/network condition, and the cultural scene (Addison, 1992). Changes or conflict in any one layer will swell entirely through different layers. As indicated by Bronfenbrenner, for one to have the option to get familiar with a child’s improvement at that point, he should look not just at the youngster and her quick condition, yet in addition at the association of the bigger condition too. We will compose a custom exposition test on Microsystem Bronfenbrenner Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Microsystem Bronfenbrenner Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Microsystem Bronfenbrenner Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The biological hypothesis as verbalized Bronfenbrenner distinguishes four sorts of frameworks that contain jobs, standards and decides that shape improvement. The frameworks involve a microsystem, mesosystem, biological systems, and macrosystem. The microsystem covers the affiliations and collaborations a kid has with her prompt condition. Microsystem incorporates structures, for example, family, school, neighborhood, or childcare environmental factors in which the youngster is working (Berk, 2000). Inside this echelon association impacts in two ways both away from the kid just as toward the youngster. For example, the parent of the kid can influence the child’s convictions and conduct in as much as possible influence the conduct and convictions of the parent/s. it is recognized that at the microsystem echelon, bi-directional impacts are most grounded and have the most effect on the kid. The mesosystem is two Microsystems communicating, for example the connection between a child’s home and school, association between the child’s educator and his folks, between his congregation and his neighborhood, and so forth. In this manner, it offers the association between the structures of the child’s microsystem (Berk, 2000). The exosystem includes a domain where a youngster isn't legitimately concerned and is outer to his/her experience be that as it may, it influences him in any case. Structures in this layer influence the child’s improvement by associate with some structure in her microsystem (Berk, 2000). A case of exosystem is a parent’s work environment or network based family assets (Edwards, 1992). While the youngster may not be transparently ensnared at this level, yet he/she encounters the positive or negative power engaged with the connection with his own framework. The macrosystem is considered as the peripheral layer in the child’s condition. This layer doesn't offer determined system nonetheless, it includes social qualities, customs, and laws (Berk, 2000). The effects of bigger qualities depicted by the macrosystem have a falling control among the associations of every single other layer. For example if the general public holds a conviction that, a parent is exclusively answerable for raising their kids, at that point clearly the general public is less plausible to offer assets to help guardians (Edwards, 1992). This thus impacts the structures where the guardians work, likewise influencing the child’s microsystem. The chronosystem †this framework covers the estimation of time as it identifies with a child’s environmental factors. Components deciding this framework can be either outside, for example, the planning of a parent’s passing, or interior, for example, the physiological varieties which show up as a youngster ages. As kids advance in age, they may react in an alternate method to changes in condition and might be progressively competent to set up more how that change will impact them (Henderson, 1995). How I was by and by impacted It was uniquely through the impacts of the five natural frameworks as sketched out by Urie Bronfenbrenner’s hypothesis of environmental frameworks that I was capable create and join graduate school to acquire my lords degree. Prompt individuals from my family were the first to shape me. At the youthful ages, my folks end up being mindful yet additionally valuable in my turn of events. They ensured that whomever I had contact with was not an individual of needing conduct. At the family set up, my dad not just ensured that the family’s monetary foundation was steady yet in addition guaranteed that, we were all around provided with the fundamental needs that made smooth our living condition. My mom then again was loaded with counsel undoubtedly. She guaranteed that we were taken care of well, on bearing the much-required dutiful love for a creating kid. The two guardians were powerful in concurring us assurance. At the point when I entered school, my dad this time began to assume an essential job in telling me the best way to handle assignments in just as urging me to have assurance in whatever I was doing. This support shaped whereupon demonstrated me to enter graduate school in the later years. The school condition was exceptionally promising, the extent that companions appeared to be helpful. By and large, there was state of mind of concurrence among ourselves, working in concordance also helping each other at whatever point our instructors mentioned us to accomplish something. Our instructors consistently advised us that control was the way to accomplishment in any scholastic setting. The educators ensured that they showed best conduct norms expected of us. Our educators standard of flawlessness was uncommon hence to us they filled in as good examples in our turn of events. This kind of communication comprised what Urie Bronfenbrenner alluded to as microsystem of improvement Regarding the matter of mesosystem, my folks used to compare with my instructors on issues related with my scholarly advancement just as my conduct. My educator could illuminate my folks on the territories I required to put more weight undoubtedly, an element of which I conviction encouraged in molding my advancement towards this end. My folks in reply outfitted my instructors with the critical data addressing the advancement of my conduct. I can dubiously remember that at once, my dad was called by my instructor where he was featured on the substance of guaranteeing that I was agreed leisure time from house errands with the goal that I could do my assignments, as this could help improve my evaluations. My dad was certifiable on the proposition and after this conversation, house errands were moved to different individuals from our family. The instructors as a rule were testing and empowering. For example, our brain science educator dazzled me through his introduction of thoughts just as belief systems. His demeanor of plan, for example he could sequentially assess kid advancement gives splendidly and clearly all through the significant improvement stages in a contacting way. I came to respect him most and I was resolved to follow his strides. My father’s work environment was additionally persuasive in forming my turn of events, as my dad worked five hours, four days every week. This sort of structure guaranteed that my dad had adequate time with his family. In period of scarcity, my father’s manager demonstrated concern and allowed him to go to whatever was expected of him at home. Our country’s school strategy was additionally basic in molding me towards this end. Through the state, I had the option to gained a grant. Put something aside for the equivalent, I could have been influenced severely monetarily. References Edwards, P. , Young, L. (1992). Past guardians: Family, people group, and school contribution. Phi Delta Kappan, 74, 72-80. Addison, J. T. (1992). Urie Bronfenbrenner. Human Ecology, 20(2), 16-20. Berk, L. E. (2000). Youngster Development (fifth ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 23-38 Henderson, Z. P. (1995). Reestablishing our social texture. Human Ecology, 23(1), 16-19.

Preparing For Your First College Exam With ACT Essay Samples

Preparing For Your First College Exam With ACT Essay SamplesIn order to prepare for college entrance exams, you need to be aware of the various types of ACT essay samples. There are specific essay questions which may seem so easy and obvious that you might not even make a mistake in answering them, but if you are an expert at these types of questions then you might find it more difficult to answer correctly.The most important factor in assessing your performance on the test is not to over analyze every question you encounter, but rather examine it from a technical point of view. Be able to recognize the difference between the academic test questions and the essay test. An essay test is generally intended to reflect the difficulties which a student will encounter while solving real life problems and the average question contains an amount of vague and subjective content.Questions dealing with real life situations are usually grouped under the common categories of 'scientific questions 'human problems'. These topics deal with the basics of science and human psychology, as well as their application to different cases. For instance, in medical tests and laboratory experiments, questions dealing with nutrition, immunology, metabolism, blood pressure, and physical fitness may appear.Human concerns include such topics as marriage, divorce, pregnancy, and sex. You may also have some difficulty in comprehending the meaning of many of the scientific words and phrases in question, but you can at least look up their meanings on the Internet. The difficulty in analyzing an ACT essay sample is in its use of academic vocabulary and its anachronistic nature.The authors of the essays usually emphasize that it is up to the reader to make an assessment of the writer's overall performance, and not the writers themselves. A good ACT essay sample contains academic vocabulary of the modern age, as well as common use terms used in everyday conversations. It should not be too difficult to understand for students who are from middle class or lower class backgrounds.In order to prepare for this type of essay, it is advisable to take a look at the ACT essay samples. You should search for essay topics of the type you are not familiar with and find a sample that has similar themes. It is also advisable to study how difficult it would be to deal with such essay question in real life situations.When taking the exam, it is always wise to remember that the answers to the questions do not necessarily reflect your abilities or limitations. It can be attributed to your reading ability and analytical skills, rather than any talent or prowess in writing. If you find that you are in doubt whether you could come up with a good answer for such a question, it is best to look for an ACT essay sample that is written by someone else.By doing so, you are able to improve your skills on the test. With the correct training and preparation, it is possible to answer ACT essay sample questio ns with relative ease.

Self-Reflective Essay on Writing

Self-Reflective Essay on WritingSo you want to write a self-reflective essay on writing. As a writer yourself, you probably know that this is the best way to express your feelings and ideas in a clear and concise manner. It also enables you to put things into words that you would not be able to otherwise.However, if you're like most people who aren't actually in the habit of reflecting, how do you get started? What tools should you use? The following are tools to help you become a better writer.Get an Editor: An editor can make or break your work. They will give you a clearer idea of what kind of final product you should have and how you should present it. It's unfortunate that many writers think they can be their own editor. An editor has experience in the same kind of writing and is well versed in the techniques of good writing.Use an Editor: This is also a great tool to use in determining what kind of writer you are. Many times a great editor can provide the kind of critique you m ay not have been receiving. They can tell you what works and what doesn't. If you're not in the habit of writing, you can also ask your editor to proofread your work for you.Practice: Of course, writing practice is just as important as the practice you get from doing your craft. You may spend a lot of time thinking about your writing, but without practicing, you'll never become truly proficient. There are a variety of writing tools and activities you can utilize that will improve your ability to write. Listening to music or just doing some light exercise is also helpful.Use Other Writing Tools: Books, magazines, articles, and anything else that is related to your craft is a great tool. You can use these tools to inspire you. You may even use them to help you practice your craft. What is more, if you're not a writer, you may find that other writers are able to point out your poor writing habits, as well as how to fix them.Self reflective essay on writing is important. When you take t he time to reflect on your thoughts and writings, you will find that you become better as a writer. This in turn will help you move through your life more smoothly and enjoy the benefits of your written work.Becoming a better writer is a matter of taking action and getting started. Consider using any of the techniques mentioned above as a start to improving your writing. The more you write, the better you will become and the more fun and fulfillment you will find in your work.

Turn-Taking System as Described in Conversation Analysis

Outline and illustrate the turn-taking system as described in Conversation Analysis Introduction to Discourse Student Number: 12022165 Academic year 2012/2013 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCITON 2 TURN-TAKING 3 STRUCTURE OF THE TURN-TAKING SYSTEM 3.1 Techniques for selecting the next speaker 4 OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE CONVERSATION 4.1 Openings 4.1.1 Topic 4.2 Closings 5 CONCLUSION INTRODUCITON In conversation people seem to follow a certain rule of communication which is often perceived as effortless as breathing but not many people are aware that turn-taking system as described in conversation analysis is deeply structured, organized and has a predictable pattern. It is also one of the basic mechanisms in†¦show more content†¦To avoid unintended implicature in dispreferred responses (invitation/declination) we often add something to them. We can not respond to the invitation by saying â€Å"no† as this could be considered as inappropriate and would create implicature. That is why in the case of declining an invitation we have to add an apology, explanation or an excuse why we refused the offer. There are also examples when we have one adjacency pair embedded within another Dispreferred or complex responses can also be: †¢ Silence †¢ Pauses †¢ Preface: well, uhm, ah Example: [pic] (Levinson, 1983:308) Politicians often take on these dispreferred responses in order to avoid anwsering a question directly. Alternative responses to the first part of the adjacency pairs are: [pic] (Levinson, 1983:307) Example: Interview of Paxman vs. Howard in which Howard (leader of the oposing party) continues to avoid anwsering the questions provided by Paxman. Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? Howard: I was not entitled to instruct Derek Lewis and I did not instruct him. Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? Howard: The truth of the matter is that Mr. Marriot was not suspended- Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? 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In formal interaction, participation is focused on particular tasks with a goal to be achieved, and tends to have a fairly rigid, stricter structure. Institutional conversations are more constrained in what will be taken as allowable contributions to the conversation, and inferences wi ll be based on the business or task at handRead MoreConversational Dominance In Glengarry Glen Ross1144 Words   |  5 PagesConversational analysis: Understanding how turn-taking linguistically attempts to attain conversational dominance in David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross. David Worster in his essay ‘How to Do Things with Salesmen: David Mamet s Speech - Act Play’ puts the literature of David Mamet, especially, ‘Glengarry Glen Ross’ in the light that the raison d à ªtre of language and dialogue is merely conversational dominance. 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As an alternative, some policymakers are trying to use creative language in order to guarantee that illegal immigrants were blocked from obtaining health care services (Maxwell Adol foRead MoreThe Do I Trust Others?1342 Words   |  6 Pageswhereas an individual with little to no faith in people scored a five and individuals with more faith in people scores a one. Robbins collected the results from 4,200 students and separated them by their level of trust. After reviewing the Robbins analysis, we discovered that our score falls within the 50th percentile. People, who presumably have a lower amount of faith in others, tend to seek an education or position in the fields such as Marketing or Finance. Conversely, individuals who have a higher

Marble Racing to Find a Liqids Viscosity - 1612 Words

Race Your Marbles to Discover a Liquids Viscosity Which Liquid Has the Highest Viscosity? In this project we will determine the viscosities of 5 separate liquids. The liquids we will test are corn syrup, honey, vegetable oil, milk, and water. We will find their viscosities by dropping a marble into each of these liquids and measuring the time it takes for it to reach the bottom. Before we conduct the experiment, we must first understand what viscosity is. â€Å"Viscosity is the quantity that describes a fluids resistance to flow†.1 It is essentially fluid friction and transforms kinetic energy of motion into heat energy, just as friction (â€Å"the force between surfaces in contact that resists their relative tangential motion†) does between†¦show more content†¦This equation is not a law of nature, but a reasonable first approximation. Liquids such as water and some gases fit this criterion and are called Newtonian fluids. Water is an example of a Newtonian fluid because, no matter how fast it is stirred or mixed, it still exemplifies properties of a fluid. When stirring or mixing a non-Newtonian fluid a â€Å"hole† is left behind. It may also become thinner and more viscous. Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille was interested in the flow of human blood and formulated Poiseuille’s Law. He made a series of tubes to test uniform viscous liquids in. These successfully modeled the blood flow in capillaries and veins, flow through a drinking straw, air flow in lung alveoli, or through a needle. The equation he used was: [pic] where: ΔP is the pressure drop L is the length of pipe ÃŽ ¼ is the dynamic viscosity Q is the volumetric flow rate r is the radius Ï€ is pi In order to form a hypothesis of which fluid has the highest viscosity, we must also have knowledge of each fluid we will test. Corn syrup is glucose syrup that is made from cornstarch. The viscosity and sweetness of it depends on the amount of hydrolysis it undergoes. It is most commonly used as a thickener, a sweetener, and in maintaining a food’s freshness. Honey

Feminine Divine Traits Buddhism And Christianity

1. Feminine divine traits – Buddhism/Christianity Whether it is in a polytheistic or a monotheistic religion, the gender of divinity is always a topic given great attention. Although Buddhism doesn’t put much focus on gods in the teaching, it does include certain religious aspects such as praying to the higher beings. The feminine divine traits in Buddhism can be found with a closer examination on the feminine metaphors in the Buddhist scriptures. While Buddhas are predominantly in male form, divine beings like Bodhisattvas often appears to be female figures including Kwan Yin and Tara. The concept of Buddha nature is described as â€Å"tathagata garbha† at times, which means Buddha womb. The imagery of this spiritual womb nurturing the nature for all beings implies the significance of this feminine feature. Another example is how the Buddha’s wisdom is referred to as a ‘she’ in some Buddhist texts. The involvement of both feminine and masculine traits seems to underline the irrelevance of gender in Buddhahood. On the other hand, in Christianity a prevailing image of God being the ‘Father’ is developed. The teachings of Jesus powerfully delineate God as a kind and merciful father accepting and guiding his children with no discrimination. In fact, there is only one explicit example in the scriptures comparing God seeking a sinner to a housewife in search of a lost coin. In addition to the masculine image of God, it is argued that between two human sexes, Jesus as a male isShow MoreRelated From Western to Asian Environmental Ethics Essay example3991 Words   |  16 Pageslimitations of a modern Western world-view, and the practical applicability of ideas to be found in Asian philosophies. In outline, the contrast may be portrayed by the following overgeneralizations: (1) From a linear to a cyclical world view; (2) from divine salvation to karmic necessity; (3) from human dominion over nature to human place within nature; (4) from the perfectibility of humanity and the world through science; (5) from atomistic mechanistic individualism to organic interdependence; (6) fromRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagesand contingencies with laughter, is a high form of wisdom.† Reinhold Niebuhr, â€Å"Humour and Faith,† in Discerning the Signs of the Times: Sermons for Today and Tomorrow (1945), 111, 122, 126.* â€Å"Religion and humor are incompatible. . . . Humor: the divine flash that reveals the world in its moral ambiguity and man in his profound incompetence to judge others; humor: the intoxicating relativity of human things; the strange pleasure that comes of the certainty that there is no certainty.† Milan KunderaRead MoreComparison Between Japan and Russia13811 Words   |  56 Pageseffort. The deployment is the largest since World War II. History NOTHING SIMILAR MAY be found in foreign lands, wrote Kitabatake Chikafusa when he described Japan in his fourteenth century Jinno sh t ki (Chronicle of the Direct Descent of the Divine Sovereigns). Although Japans culture developed late in Asian terms and was much influenced by China and later the West, its history, like its art and literature, is special among world civilizations. As some scholars have argued, these outside influencesRead MoreNegotiation and Culture: Case Study24152 Words   |  97 PagesIndividualism indicates the degree to which people of a particular culture learn to act as individuals rather than as members of a group. It is essential to remember that all people and cultures posses both individual and collective traits, but at the same time one of these traits is always more dominant or more visible than the other (Samovar Porter, 2004: 59). A typical collectivistic culture distinguishes between in-groups (relatives, clans, and organizations), and out-groups ( the rest of ones network)

Childhood And Treatment Of Children Essay Example For Students

Childhood And Treatment Of Children Essay Children all over the world are treated differently at different times, during different centuries. Some children are raised by both of their parents in a good environment, with good conditions, and with a good education. Those kids are well taken care of and are happy if love is added to all that. The place that they live in becomes perfect. There are other kids, though, that have no loving parent, or no parents at all; no beautiful warm home, or no home at all; no healthy food, or no food at all and no good education, or no education at all. They have to work all day just to survive and get a little bit of something to eat. These children, unlike the other kids, are treated badly, abused and used. As time changes, people change: sometimes for the worst and sometimes for the better. Even now, children are mistreated in other countries and even here in America. Pip is left without parents to be raised by his sister. His sister, Mrs. Joe, is twenty years older than Pip. She is raising Pip by hand, meaning she lays her hand on him whenever possible, which is all the time. Pip is treated very badly, but at least he has a friend who would stand up to him; Joe is Mrs. Joe Gargerys husband. Joe wants Pip to have a good education even though he himself didnt have one, but Mrs. Joe, on the other hand, thinks its not a good idea and a waste of time. Pip does things like other kids do; he plays, eats, and goes to sleep. The food that he is given is healthy very tasteful, that it makes me want to eat it. His room, even though its very small because its right under the roof, is his own room, where he has privacy. The conditions that he lives in are ok to live in; theyre not the best, but not the worst either. How Pip lives, I would say, is that he has less than half of the good stuff, like the food and home and more of the bad stuff, like not really a loving sister and not a very good education, so these conditions are right in the middle Dickens, Charles; The Great Expectations. Unlike the children in the poem, The Cry of the Children, where the kids are made to work all day in the factories and mines, without anyone there to help them and protect them against the child labor, Pip doesnt have to work at all, to my knowledge. The children, as Browning describes them, are tired, weak, and sick, with pale faces, and sad eyes. They cry and weep, yet no one hears them and dont want to listen to them at all. Education, in this case, is out of the picture and is not even mentioned anywhere, because they need those children to work for they all day long without any rest. They dont even have any time or energy left to just be kids and play out in the sun on the meadows with the beautiful butterflies and caterpillars Browning, Elizabeth. In the book, The Mill on the Floss, by George Eliot, Mr. Tulliver wants his boy to get a good education, just like Joe wants Pip to get a good education. Mr. Tulliver wants the best for his kid, but for his daughter, he doesnt care much. Still, their daughter gets the proper things and is taken care of, plus she has time and opportunity to read books and play outside by the water. This environment is better than what Pip has and much, much better than what the children have that have to work in the mines and factories. .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .postImageUrl , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:visited , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:active { border:0!important; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:active , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pekeliling flats of kuala lumpur EssayThere is a big contrast in The Old Nurses Story, where one child has all the love in the world, even though both her parents died, and has a nice, big, warm home, with food to eat, and a bed to sleep, and the other child only has a mother who cares about her, while everyone else hates her. Miss Rosamond lives happily and gets everything she needs, while the other girl was thrown out into the cold and freezing night, without any food or anyone to help them Gaskell, Elizabeth. All these kids were treated differently. Some were treated like royalties, while others were treated like dirt or robots that have no feelings.

Nothing free essay sample

The menu is famous for integrating roasted nuts (hazelnuts, pistachios, almonds), GianduJa, Orange Peel, dried Strawberry bits, and more. Recently, Patchi introduced 5 new exotic flavors to its menu with Cotton Candy, Cheesecake, Peanut Butter in some of the recipes. [7] Presence[edit] A Patchi outlet in Taguig City, Philippines Expansion Network The business is well expanded and properly established at 28 countries spread amongst the globe with a great deal of focus on the Middle East The Home of Patchi as well as recognizable presence in North Africa, Asia Pacific, etc. Countries are: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Canada (Online), Egypt, France, Chinese Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jordan, KSA, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico (Online), Morocco, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Syria, South Africa, Tunisia, IJAE, I-JK, Ukraine, and USA. [8] As for the boutiques network it consists of 145 boutiques, fairly distributed according to market demand and expertise in the field. Patchis online boutique caters to the North American markets at http:// usa. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Patchi. com and http://canada. patchi. com. Worldwide Store locations can be ound on this page. Industrial network and divisions[edit] Patchi has a network of 5 factories, in: Lebanon, KSA, UAE, Syria Egypt. Aside from chocolate, Patchi runs 4 other manufacturing divisions, one which produces all packages (printing section), another that produces the Silver Line (Patchi Silver), the porcelain section (creation various fillings for chocolates) and finally the Flower division or in other words the section that caters for the development of chocolate decoration and all other forms of ornaments. nothing By poiuytrewqlkJhfdsa Nothing free essay sample It Is very important for me to express to you how much you really mean to me. Wish I could do this in person while holding you in my arms and gazing into your eyes But since we are physically separated by miles of emptiness, this expression must come In the form of letters such as this. Nice, I know It is difficult for you, as It Is for me, to have a long distance relationship. We had met through a social networking site and I keep on hoping to meet you soon In person.Although we have not seen each other yet, but Im pretty sure that my feelings for you Is pure ; true. Life seems to be full of trials in this type of relationship we have, which test our Inner strength, and more Importantly, our devotion and love for one another. After all, It Is said that True Love Is boundless and Immeasurable and overcomes all forms of diversity. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In truth, If It Is genuine, It will grow stronger with each assault upon Its existence.Nice, our love has been assaulted many times and I am convinced that It Is true because the longer I am away from you, the greater is my yearning to be with you. You are my Charming Prince and I am your devoted Princess. I cherish any thought of you, prize any memory of you that rises from the depths of my mind and live for the day when our physical separation will no longer be. Until that moment arrives, I send to you across the miles, my tender love, my warm embrace and my most passionate kiss. Love always, Nothing free essay sample D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. 2. Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs? A) The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. B) The residual volume of the lungs decreases. C) The diaphragm contracts. D) The epiglottis closes. E) The rib cage expands. 3. A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of A) 1,450 mL. D) 5,000 mL. B) 4,000 mL. E) 5,450 mL. C) 4,450 mL. 300-Organisms in water use countercurrent exchange for gas diffusion. A. How does this work? Blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills, blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets (remember higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure! ). Gills have several outfoldings to increase surface area and exchange B. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why do organisms living in water need to do this? The water medium has inherently lower concentrations of oxygen and higher viscosity of air so countercurrent exchange helps to facilitate diffusion 400-1. The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate? A) nitric acid D) carbon dioxide B) nitrogen E) carbon monoxide C) oxygen 2. Blood carbon dioxide levels determine the pH of other body fluids as well as blood, including the pH of cerebrospinal fluid. How does this enable the organism to control breathing? A) The brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. B) The medulla, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. C) The brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. D) Stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla to speed up or slow breathing. E) The medulla is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood. 1 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th 3. The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in A) the partial pressure of oxygen. D) temperature. B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. E) pH. C) hemoglobin concentration. 500-How are gas exchange and circulation coordinated in the human lungs? Blood arrives in the lungs has low partial pressure of O2 and a high partial pressure of CO2 relative to air in the alveoli -In alveoli-O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the air -In tissue capillaries, O2 diffuses into interstitial fluids and CO2 diffuses into the blood Birds do it, bees do it, †¦ 100-Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate. B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation. C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid. D) dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur. E) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females. 200-Name two reasons for and two reasons against asexual reproduction. For: -do not waste energy finding a mate -rapid reproduction colonization in favorable habitats -ensures gene pool is passed to next generation Against: -pathogens can decimate clonal populations -loss of genetic diversity -cannot easily rid population of harmful mutation 300-Internal vs external fertilization. Make one comparison and one contrast Comparison -both produce zygotes -both are sexual reproduction Contrasts -External-many gametes for both sexes (not just male) -Greater parental investment (internal) -invest reproductive energy differently b. Where and when does fertilization occur in humans? Oviduct/fallopian tube, ovulation 400-1. In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ, in that A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis happens in embryonic development. B) oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth. E) spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born. 2. Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that A) they both have the same number of chromosomes. 2 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th B) they are approximately the same size. C) they each have a flagellum that provides motility. D) they are produced from puberty until death. E) they are formed before birth. 00- For both men and women, the hypothalmus is releasing __________ which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete _____________ and ______________. GnRH, FSH, LH In turn, these hormones are in part controlled by what two main hormonal products in women and one main hormonal product in men. estradiol and progesterone, testosterone When does meiosis II occur for sperm and for a n oocyte? sperm- before ejaculated oocyte-after fertilization If It’s Yellow†¦ 100-1. The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that A) urea can be exchanged for Na+. B) urea is less toxic than ammonia. C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. E) less nitrogen is removed from the body. 200-Match the following with their excretory system 1. Earthworms (D) 2. Crickets (E) 3. Flatworms (A) 4. Humans (B) 5. Jellyfish (C) 300-1. Put the following in the correct order A. Ascending Loop of Henle B. Descending Loop of Henle C. Collecting Duct D. Distal Tubule E. Proximal Tubule F. Bowmans capsule and glomerulus F-E-B-A-D-C 2. Where are these tubes, etc found and are there many of them in the human body? Nephron of the kidney, Yes, ~80 million 3. After the last step listed here where does the filtrate go on its final journey out of the body? Renal pelvis to ureter to urinary bladder to urethra 400-1. Which one of the following is extremely important for water conservation in mammals? A) juxtamedullary nephrons B) Bowmans capsule C) urethra D) podocytes E) ureter 3 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th 2. What makes these components so special? Longer loop of Henle that goes deep into medulla 500-Picking 2 components, explain how they work to concentrate urine. Proximal Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Tubule Collecting Duct In the Nephron Cortex: †¢ Blood flows from the renal artery into the afferent arteriole †¢ Blood enters the capillaries of the glomerulus where blood pressure forces filtrate into the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule (filtrate consists of salts, glucose, and other small molecules – no blood cells or plasma proteins as they are too large to filter through the capillaries) †¢ In the proximal tubule: From the Bowman’s capsule, filtrate passes through the Proximal tubule where Na+ (which results in passive transport of Cl- ions in the form of NaCl), K+, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate buffer and other nutrients are absorbed into the interstitial fluid and transported through the peritubular capillaries (water follows via osmosis as the interstitial fluid becomes hyperosmotic to the filtrate) Also the site of waste filtration (like processed drugs from the liver) via nonselective filtration from the interstitial fluid and surrounding tissues This is also the site of pH regulation of body fluids as transport epithelium secrete H+ and buffering NH3 to form ammonium ions (NH4+) In the Medulla: †¢ Loop of Henle 1) Filtrate enters the Loop of Henle from the Proximal Tubule 2) Descending Limb carries it down into the Medulla. . Descending Limb is semi-permeable. Water may pass through but ions may not. . Medulla has high osmolarity, causing water to pass from the Loop of Henle into the Medulla. 3) Ascending Limb carries filtrate back up from the Medulla . Ascending Limb is not permeable to water . Dissolved ions are actively transported from the filtrate into the Medulla, increasing its osmolarity. 1) Blood travels through the Vasa Recta in the opposite direction of filtrate in the Loop of Henle. 2) As blood travels down into the medulla, it absorbs some of the ions transported from the Ascending Limb, increasing osmolarity. 3) When blood flows back out of the medulla al ongside the Descending Limb, water is reabsorbed from the Medulla, maintaining its high osmolarity. III. Summary 1) Both the Loop of Henle and the Vasa Recta are countercurrent multipliers that act to conserve water. 2) About 90% of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the time it reaches the Distal Tubule. Back to the Nephron Cortex: †¢ In the Distal tubule: Much like the proximal tubule but primarily focused on NaCl reabsorption and K+ secretion into the filtrate pH regulation via reabsorption of bicarbonate and secretion of H+ ions into the filtrate Collecting Duct: †¢ The collecting duct then carries filtrate into the renal pelvis †¢ Site of urine concentration / dilution When kidneys are conserving water, surrounding interstitial fluid is hyperosmotic to the filtrate, thus aquaporin allow water to pass through the walls of the duct into the interstitial fluid 4 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th When kidneys are expelling water, surrounding interstitial fluid is hypoosmotic to the filtrate, thus kidney reabsorbs salts into the interstitial fluid without letting water follow MisMash 100-1. How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans? A) bicarbonate ions in the plasma B) CO2 attached to hemoglobin C) carbonic acid in the erythrocytes D) CO2 dissolved in the plasma E) bicarbonate attached to hemoglobin 2, Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with A) hemoglobin. B) plasma proteins. C) carbon dioxide. D) carbonic acid. E) plasma buffers. 200-1. Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers, so this means that compared to the seawater around them, they are Hypoosmotic, Hyperosmotic or Isoosmotic. Isoosmotic 2. What happens when you put one in a freshwater environment? They will be hyperosmotic to their environment and will not be able osmoregulate and will take on water from environment 300-organisms have evolved several different methods to maximize the efficiencies of different processes. Explain how the organisms have evolved. 1. Deep sea diving mammals such as the Weddell seal and gas exchangecarry 5x amount of oxygen as humans, slow heart rate and limit blood circulation to vital organs 2. Albatrosses can drink salty water -have salt glands consisting of arteries, veins, capillaries and secretory tubules designed to remove remove salt from the blood 400-Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) filtration B) ultrafiltration C) selective reabsorption D) secretion E) active transport 500- 1. How does ADH function at the cellular level? A) ADH stimulates the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. B) It triggers the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. C) It causes membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. D) It causes an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. E) It decreases the speed at which filtrate flow through the nephron leading to increased reabsorption of water. 2. How do ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis? A) ADH monitors osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates blood volume. 5 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th B) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Na+ reabsorption. C) ADH an RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS removal of water when it is in excess in body fluids. D) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone which increases both blood volume and pressure. E) Only when they are together in the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, will reabsorption of essential nutrients back into the blood take place. 6

Innocent III Essay Example

Innocent III Essay Example Innocent III Essay Innocent III Essay Essay Topic: History Under Innocent III, the state of the papacy and papal authority changed dramatically and emerged to form what some historians describe as a papal monarchy1. One could argue that during Innocents reign of 1198-1216, the medieval papacy was at the peak of its power in terms of military strength, control over Rome, international political power and moral influence. Innocent IIIs own writings reflect this point of view, as he makes clear that he views his position as one of unquestionable, divine endowed authority. However when considering this question of whether the papacy was indeed at its height under Innocent, the gap between theological theory and political reality must be considered, as well as Innocents reign in relation to his predecessors and successors which may lead historians to inflate their opinion of this period in papal history, due to the decline of the papacy that occurred under Innocent IV. Innocent III international involvement is greater than any of the popes before or after him, during his reign he interfered in almost every kingdom in Europe2, however this does not provide evidence for him actually wielding any power as he was regularly ignored by monarchs such as by King John of England. In England, King John defied the pope by making Hubert Walter chancellor after Innocent had ordered him to release him from office after he began building a church in Lambeth. He also defied him and caused England to be put under interdict in 1205, when John refused to comply with the decree that tax from the clergy should be paid in a lump sum by each diocese. Therefore one could draw the conclusion from this that the papacy had to operate out of good will or else it was ignored, such as when he was forced to back off from the situation in Germany in 1208. However despite England and other examples such as France in 1200 having to be put under interdict for obedience, eventually Innocent III did get his way and his authority was respected, as in 1213 John wrote the Charter of Submission. In this charter he recognized the popes power when he wrote we have pledged and sworn our fealty henceforth to our lord aforesaid, Pope Innocent III3. The reasons behind John finally succumbing to the pope are due to the widespread effects of the interdict and the influence of the pope himself on the Church in England and the life of the clergy, an issue which will be discussed later. Therefore the pope Innocent III does appear to hold substantial international power, despite initial defiance, he ultimately got his way despite the geographical limitations straining communication. One must consider that the medieval papacy throughout the middle ages lacked the bureaucracy, financial resources and political apparatus to effectively be an international authority body, Chaney points out that despite this, Innocent III unlike popes before him, was successful in having international influence despite the fact that a message from Rome to England could take up to a month and was regularly ignored as many letters were regarded as forgeries4. Therefore Innocent III did wield a great deal of authority, Munro argues that the monarchs of Europe were his vassals5, a view clearly shared by Innocent himself when he wrote Now just as the moon derives its light from the sun and is indeed lower than it in quantity and quality, in position and in power, so too the royal power derives the splendour of its dignity from the pontifical authority.. 6. This view is further substantiated by numerous examples of leaders all over Europe seeking out his guidance and even placing their countries under papal rule such as in Hungary and Poland7. Philip Augustus, arguably the most powerful monarch in Europe at the time, was disciplined by the pope for violating the marriage sacrament, Sancho of Portugal was forced to place his country under papal over lordship and he made Alfonso of Leon break off the marriage with his niece. The most famous example of the popes international intervention is acting as arbiter in the dispute over the election between Otto and Philip. One could argue that under Pope Innocent III, the medieval papacy reached its peak of military power and as papal power was dependent on military strength this would render his reign very powerful. Innocent had strong international allies as well as having his own armies of mercenaries, employed troops and loyal military service of barons of the Papal States. He also had the power to call whole nations to arms. However one must question the popes actual military strength as he relied heavily on his international allies rather than his independent power, exemplified by the handing over of the Papal States to Marquis Azzo VI of Este. However, unlike popes before him, Innocents interest in crusading more than those before him may be significant proof that he did indeed hold secure military power. The Albigensian crusade itself however counters this view of the pope having great military power as it became a war of conquest and spiralled into a massacre when the abbot of Citeaux; Arnold Amaury, encouraged troops to commit murder8. On entry into the papacy in 1198, Innocents views on his position as pope were made very clear, he saw himself as the vicar of Christ and therefore a moral authority to all Christians . He appears to have exercised moral authority as leaders approached him for guidance such as Francis of Assisi in 1210. However, one must question the gap between theory and reality, although he believed this to be true, to what extent is it demonstrated throughout his time as pope, and was it greater than other popes during the Middle Ages? To answer this question one must consider the popes influence in the everyday running of the church by the clergy. Using England as an example, it is clear that Innocent exercised a vast influence as during the interdict, Englishmen were deprived of the sacraments of the church as bodies were not buried and marriages were not solemnised in churches. As Binns puts it his weapons may be spiritual but they were uncommonly effective9 The clergy were greatly upset by this and as a result John had to make peace with the pope, one could argue as Chaney does that this shows the strength of the ultimate hold of papal doctrine on the church10, even if not over the individual leader. Innocent himself had no doubts over his control over the church, writing so extensive is the authority of the apostolic see that nothing can reasonably be determined in all the affairs of the church except by its authority11. However one could argue that despite having influence, this is all theoretical power and that this does not show Innocent to be as powerful as many historians inflate his image to be. The calling of the Lateran Council in 1215 is the most decisive piece of evidence in securing the view that Innocent wielded moral influence over the church, being arguably one of the most important councils of the Western church. It was widely attended with representatives from all over the world and by 400 bishops, 800 abbots as well as priors, clergy and laity. This council decided on many issues such as the entry into the crusade and reforming the church on issues such as the restricting of indulgencies12. Munro argues that the council shows the strength of the pope and papal power at its peak as the council was highly regarded as an authoritative force such as the fixing of transubstantiation as a dogma13 . To any pope throughout this period, securing ones power base in Rome and the papal states was of utmost importance and an aspiration of all popes14, one could argue that Innocent III failed in securing this power as Rome was run by a senator elected by the people and he was also forced to flee Rome on two occasions during his reign. However, despite this, Innocent managed to secure some power in Rome as unlike popes before him, he gained the right to choose the senator and he swore loyalty to the pope by oath. Therefore one must question Innocents power over Rome and whether it really demonstrates the papacy at the peak of its power as throughout his reign, he never seems to have gained a firm grip on Rome. With regards to the Papal States, Barraclough argues that Innocent III came nearest of all the popes to realizing the theory of papal theocracy held by Nicholas I and Gregory VII15 . However despite this, Barraclough also argues that there were limitations to his success and at best he half succeeded. During his reign, he more than doubled the papal lands through his policy of recuperation on accession. However his power over the Papal States was weak at best, Sayers argues that in Sicily, despite Innocent having taken to opportunity to gain power the result of Innocents rule in Sicily was chaos and caused a collapse of the government built up by the Norman kings16. However one could argue that this was due to the apparatus available to him rather than weakness in the papacy itself. One must consider when casting a judgement over Innocents power in the Papal States, what he had inherited. On accession, papal power in the Papal States was weak, Henry had power over Sicily and Papal States were held by German counts as well as the papal treasury being depleted. Therefore one must consider his power in the context of what he had to work with, leading to the judgement that he did indeed exert a great deal of power. When one considers the question as to whether the papacy reached its peak under Innocent III, from the evidence available, it appears that historians have over inflated and exaggerated the power the papacy actually held during this period as Innocents letters provide a wealth of evidence to draw from. Therefore although Innocent III held more power than many of his predecessors, it appears that due to the decline of the papacy under Innocent IV, this has led historians to regard Innocent IIIs reign more highly that it possibly deserves. One must consider the gradual gain in power of the papacy as a process and one that can not be solely attributed to one pope, as Chaney points out, the rise in papal power had begun long before Innocent had come to power17, a fact ignored by historians. However, Innocents power should not be diminished in history due to the possible faults of historians, he undeniably held a great deal of power and influence in a range of fields and therefore it does seem fair to argue that under him, the papacy did reach the apogee of its power during the middle ages . In terms of moral influence, one is inclined to agree with the view that as the spiritual sovereign of Latin Christendom, he had no rival18. However, one must still consider that despite this accolade, that is not to say that he did not have areas of great weakness such as in Sicily and that although coming close to, he did not fully achieve the aims of him and those before him in securing Rome and the Papal states. Alternatively, one could argue in his defence that this was due to the resources available to him and that the power he did secure in spite of these limitations shows Innocent III as being very powerful and shows the papacy at the peak of its power.

Human Resource Managment in Business Context Essay

Human Resource Managment in Business Context - Essay Example However, as companies design strategies, it has been found out that competitive advantages of companies are difficult to sustain and on average period, there is an observable decrease (Ruffigins & Ruefli 2005). In this regard, firms have to come up with strong strategies that will enable it to respond to the demands and challenges of the global business environment, while at the same time, keeping the company’s niche for longer period. In this situation, human resource management (HRM) plays a crucial role, since, HRM is â€Å"strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives† (Armstrong 2006, p. 3). This view offer the notion that HRM is no longer just concern with the traditional functions that are normally associated with HRM such as payroll, recruitment, pensions, benefits and other administrative concerns (Werbel & DeMarie 2005). Instead, it offers the framework wherein HRM activities and undertakings become strategic as it aligns its functions with the goals and endeavours of the organisation. From this framework, it becomes essential that HRM develop strategies that will not only align its activities with the goals and objectives of the company, but will also help the company develop programmes and policies responsive to the demands and challenges of the business environment and not reactive to crisis as it happens (Kew & Stredwick 2010). This is significant because, in this way, HRM becomes strategic and proactive. In effect, this approach of HRM undertakes a holistic view of HR in such a way that the business environment, organisation, theories and best practices become the fundamental elements in the determination of the appropriate activities, policies, procedures and programmes for the company. In this study, The Condition Understanding the condition involves looking at two i mportant factors – external environment and internal environment. This is necessary as organisations do not operate in a vacuum, but are integrated in the society and carrying out social interactions (Tencati & Zolsnai 2009). As such, the external environment of the company is essential in understanding the business environment or climate where the company is thriving. At the same time, the internal environment of the organisation is necessary, as it will help in understanding the context of the firm. Briefly, on the external environment, globalisation has transformed the manner in which countries conduct business transactions with one another. Through globalisation, trade barriers in the forms of taxes and trade tariffs have been removed or substantially reduced. This economic policy allow for a freer movement of goods, services, products, capital and people across nations and between physical boundaries (Coatsworth 2004; Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hillard 2004; Stiglitz 2009; Bala krishnan 2008). Moreover, another factor, which has changed the manner of doing business, is the rapid development in information and computer technology (ICT). This change has created the platform wherein knowledge and information have become an integral part of doing business, aside from the fact, that faster and newer forms of conducting business have been established in view of this development (Chi 2011). Finally, the last important factor

An understanding of product is essential for effective marketing Essay

An understanding of product is essential for effective marketing. Discuss - Essay Example The welfare of customers and other stakeholders must be considered as the primary objective of a business. In this respect, marketing activities includes all these important factors that enhances the value of an organisation and ultimately leads to wealth creation of its stakeholders. Marketing is broad concept and a crucial primary activity of a value chain. According to Robert Skrob, â€Å"using sound marketing principle, strategies, and techniques will allow you to build a large list, form great relationships with your clients, and provide them with outstanding products and services - things they want, get value from, and that you are proud of† (Skrob, 2008, p.63). Therefore, for establishing and achieving long term success, a business organisation must formulate an effective marketing strategy. The increasing competition in the business world is one of the vital reasons that have increased the significance of marketing strategy. A successful marketing strategy enables an o rganisation to achieve competitive advantage. It enables a company to gain an upper hand position in the market. Product or service is the core factor that serves the consumers’ demand and utility. It is the prime factor for running a business. This paper will attempt to deal with the understanding of product for effective marketing. In this respect, the paper will discuss various aspects of product that affect product strategies. Various theories and models will be presented to support the primary objective of this essay. Finally in the conclusion section, overall discussions and analysis will be summed up. In the process of strategic management, a marketer must consider four primary component of marketing. These marketing components are product, price, promotion and place. The four components of marketing are known as ‘marketing mix’ or four ‘Ps of marketing’. Marketing mix can be defined as the basis of marketing strategy and it â€Å"establishes

Teacher Certification Essay Example for Free

Teacher Certification Essay The whole issue of teacher certification is one of great importance and when discussed must be done in a delicate and thoughtful manner. The reason for this increasing importance is because the education of our nations teachers is important to the creation of an ideal education system, which is one of the goals of our national government and State governments. Over the years the whole educational reform movement has become an increasingly hot topic. Reforms in the administration of school systems and in curriculum theory and practice have been asked for and a4re currently being put into effect. Recently, reform of the education of teachers is being added to the lo9ng list of reforms needed. Many reform activists feel that direct changes need to be made on the methods of training and certifying the teachers of our country. Before looking at the reform movement, however, one must first look at the so called problem of inconsistency in teacher certification. In our country today there is a general consistency among the requirements for state certification of teachers. Most states require their teacher institutions to establish a teacher education program that includes coursework and fieldwork. The coursework includes those courses that prepare a student to become a professional teacher and those classes that include major and minor fields of specialization. Fieldwork, which is probably the most important of the two forms of requirements, involves the individual interested in being a teacher going out and observing, practicing, and preparing to enter the educational world as an instructor. There is no argument that all schools in every state has these basic requirements of teacher certification. However, the inconsistency lies within how the numerous institutions go about in teaching these requirements. Each post-secondary school is given the jurisdiction to choose how they are going to go about meeting these basic teacher certification requirements. For example, many states require a different amount of field hours. An inconsistency can also be seen in the various models of teacher education that are used throughout the nation. Two education researchers, Howey and Zimpher conducted a study on this variety of models in 1989. They came up with three different attempts of teacher training. The first, known as the teachers college model, involves certification students entering a separate school within a university that is a teachers college. The second approach is called the liberal arts model by the researchers, and is a method that requires and individual to become specialized in a certain liberal arts subject in order to create capable and cultured human beings. The third and final model discussed by Howley and Zimpher is entitled the competency-based model. This method trains individuals in the arts o motivation and understanding. As one can see by this case study, there have been a variety of approaches to teacher certification. An inconsistency can similarly be detected by looking at the various new and innovative ideas in teacher education. Among these include the alternative route, a topic discussed earlier, and the five-year degree program, and issue to be discussed shortly in this section. Altogether, one could state that there is some inconsistency in teacher certification, and this inconsistency brings about a small problem in the educational spectrum of our world. In my opinion, there is no national and universal set of requirements for teacher certification. The variety of different methods and forms of teacher education programs is causing an inconsistency in how teachers are being trained nationwide. When this is realized, the whole issue of reforming teacher certification becomes very relevant to our society. As stated earlier, reforms in the training of future teachers are beginning to really be requested by the general public. Various groups have met to discuss the various issues surrounding the reform movement. Among the most notable are the Holmes Group, the Association of American Colleges of Teacher Education (AACTE), the Education Commission of the States (ECS), and Goodlads group. These various groups and many others have come up with a variety of reforms and new standards that most likely should and will be integrated into the current teacher certification requirements. One certain similarity that all of these recommendations have with each other is that they all call for higher regulations and an increase in the education of future teachers. Many of the group0s called for an increase in providing individuals knowledge on the profession of teachi8ng, and some groups also called for a more intense training in the various fields under a liberal arts education. Increases in the amount of fieldwork required seems to also be a major issue discussed by the reform groups. The issue of selection under standardized testing was also discussed, with respect to increasing the required SAT/ACT or GRE scores. Finally, the research groups came up with various new ideas involving the creation of professional teaching schools or tiered systems that would require a teacher to go through more training even after they received their bachelors degree. All in all, these reform groups have come up with some very unique and interesting ideas to change teacher certification for the better. It is the best interest of our nation to make changes in our current teacher education program, for, in this case, change would be for the better. To conclude, I would like to take a brief but in depth look at an innovative idea established by the Maine State Department of Education in conjunction with the University of Southern Maine. This program, entitled the Extended Teacher Education Program, involves future teachers continuing on for a fifth year after completing their undergraduate studies. This fifth year involves the individual taking part in internships. These internships give the future teachers a chance at more fieldwork in order to gain more experiences before they become full fledged teachers. Nonetheless, the results of the initial year of the program seem to indicate that the idea around this new program is a successful one. Those individuals who took part in the program obtained various skills and understandings that all ideal teachers should have. The excellent outcomes of this program leads one to believe that it might be a good idea to implement this structure nationwide. The idea of creating professional schools for teachers has become a popular one in recent times. After all if doctors and lawyers have to go to a professional school, then shouldnt teachers as well? In conclusion, the issue of teacher training and certification brings up many questions, especially in reference to reforming. The inconsistent and somewhat outdated education of teachers today needs change, in order to create an ideal educational system. Numerous reforms have been discussed and recommended by various research organizations and now is the time to take action and implement some of these reforms before our education systems continue to fall downwards into the depths of degradation. Change I needed and change must come now.

South African Power Groups Essay -- History, South Africas Revolution

Efforts to Address the Problem South Africa’s revolution was unique because it was neither an elite-imposed transition nor a classical revolution. Many analysts were surprised that a classical revolution hadn’t occurred sometime in the 1980s (Marx, 1997, 476-479). It is likely that there wasn’t a classical revolution because the military was still loyal to the dominant white group. Furthermore, whites controlled nearly all of the economic power, and as a result, blacks needed the white structure to stay in place to continue lest the economy crumble (p. 478). But, mounting pressure from citizens, a steadily weakening economy, and the international community caused the Afrikaners to reevaluate their position. An elite-imposed transition didn’t occur because the citizens of South Africa had mobilized to too great of an extent. The Afrikaners realized that a negotiated settlement was the only option if they didn’t want to face a thorough-going revolution (p. 478). This negotiation process wasn’t particularly effective though. It was initially assumed that such a tactic would result in peaceful negotiations similar to those of Brazil (p. 479-480). The ANC promised to end the guerrilla violence that was causing thousands of people to die each year once the negotiations started (p. 481-482). Unfortunately, the perception that violence could enhance negotiating positions quickly grew, and by 1992 South Africa had become, â€Å"one of the most violent countries in the world† (p. 483). This violence lead to a situation in which ‘winner take all’ amendments to the constitution were rejected as being too inflammatory (p. 483). Clearly, this slowed down the process of integration. There are simply some parts of Apartheid that needed to be elimin... ...stricts 87% of the population to just 13% of the land. Overcrowding and a lack of infrastructure remain problems (Mochaki, 1995). Nevertheless, this was one of the more successful programs of the post-apartheid era. It helped to include those groups that had traditionally been displaced by making them citizens of South Africa again. In addition, it gave millions of people voting rights allowed them to participate in a governing body for the first time in ages. If any change is going to be made, it must include, at the very least, input from the group it is trying to help. Not only did the abolition of homelands do that, but it allowed blacks and the other subjugated minorities access to governmental offices previously reserved for the white citizens of South Africa. Furthermore, abolishing homelands could become an important symbol for the anti-apartheid movement.

Review on Past Tense Affixes

The study was conducted to analyse the plural inflections of English language among Malay students. Generally, the duration of exposure towards English language in classroom setting would be approximately 11 years among Malaysian students. Although English language has been given much respect and attention, there are still learners being underachievers and not proficient in the language at the end of their secondary school level. Due to this, the researcher claims that there are still students who fail to understand the most basic rules of English language structure, such as plurality. . 1 Hypothesis As cited by the researcher, Fries (1945), Lado (1957) and Van Els (1984) agree that different grammatical structure between languages is a possible factor of students’ incompetency in the targeted language. Thus, the hypothesis of this study is, Malay students find it difficult to understand and use English language plural inflections because there are no plural inflections in the Malay language. 1. 2 Aims of the Study There are three aims mentioned to be achieved throughout this study: 1. To identify and explain students’ error regarding plural inflection 2. To identify the differences & similarities of plural inflections between Malay & English language. 3. To measure and determine whether the differences of plural inflections formation between Malay and English language contribute to the errors in students’ writing. 2. 0 Methodology 2. 1 Sampling In this study, a total of 40 semester one students were selected as the sample of the study. They were 20 lower proficiency students and 20 higher proficiency students of a local semi?private higher learning institution in Malaysia. The students’ level of proficiency was pre?determined by an English Placement Test which is a compulsory assessment of the institution. Students who passed the English Placement Test are categorized as higher proficiency while those who failed are categorized as lower proficiency students. 2. 2 Instruments/ Tools In order to achieve the aims of this study, the researcher implemented 3 assessment tools to collect the data which are 1) Cloze-tests, 2) Essays, and 3) Fill in the blank. 2. 3 Procedures The first approach used by the researcher was Cloze-test. The researcher used two sets of Cloze?test to gather a more genuine data regarding plural inflection. There were ten questions in each Cloze?test and students have to answer to a total of twenty Cloze?test questions. Each Cloze?test questions consisted of various morphological & syntactical structures. However, once the Cloze?test was collected, analysis was made only on plural inflections. The second approach implemented by the researcher was Essay. Only six essays were taken to be analyzed. These essays were chosen based on students’ proficiency levels. Three essays representing the low proficiency and three essays from higher proficiency students. All essays were about the same topic which is ‘Is television a bad influence? ’ and they had been marked earlier. Instead of focusing on all grammatical errors, analysis was made only on plural inflections. The third approach applied by the researcher is Fill in the blank. There are ten questions consisting of ten singular nouns. Students were to convert these singular words into their plural forms. The data gathered from these three approaches were then analyzed and turned into percentage as the findings. . 0 Finding The findings will be explained in a reference to the few excerpts taken from the article. 3. 1 Cloze-tests Excerpt 1: Errors on plural inflection in Cloze?test 1 Based on the chart in the Excerpt 1 above, it is found that 3 or 15% of the higher proficiency students committed errors in Question 1. Surprisingly, all of the lower proficiency students answered Quest ion 1 correctly. Majority of the students of the higher and lower proficiency answered the question incorrectly for Question 4. As for Question 6, 11 or 28% of students from each proficiency level respectively answered B. beachs instead of the correct answer C. beaches. For the final question in Cloze-test 1, only 6 out of 20 or 30% of higher proficiency students answered Question 9 wrongly. On the other hand, 14 out of 20 or 70% of lower proficiency students mistakenly answered Question 9. Most of the students who gave the wrong answer circled B. childs and D. childrens whereas the correct answer should be C. children. Excerpt 2: Errors on plural inflections in Cloze?test 2 It is observed that there were more students from lower proficiency level committed error for Question 3 and 5. However, for Question 7, it is noteworthy that there were more students from higher proficiency category committed error. 3. 2 Essays Excerpt 3: Frequent errors made by students in essays Based on Excerpt 3 above, the words in bold are the errors made by students in their essay. From it, it is found that students included the suffix –s in the words? childrens, peoples and womans. However, for words like actress and dress, the students overlooked the suffix –s. . 3 Fill in the blanks Excerpt 4: Errors on plural inflections in Fill in the blank task There are 10 words that the respondents need answer in this Fill in the blank task. It is found that the higher proficiency students perform better in this task compared to the Cloze?test as they only answer Question 2, 6 and 9 incorrectly. In contrast, the lower proficiency students got the wrong answers for all questions, except for question number 8. It is identified that majority of students from both proficiency levels over-generalize the use of suffix –s in all words. . 0 Discussion Unlike the Malay language, the plural formation of words in the English language is much more complicated because there are many spelling rules. Malaysian students are exposed to the idea that the suffix –s is needed to indicate plurality. There are a lot of complicated and confusing spelling rules to indicate plurality in English language. From the Cloze?tests and Fill in the blank tasks, the students were clearly aware of the usage of plurality. The only drawback they faced was the over?generalization of the suffix ?s for all words. The students from either higher or lower proficiency level are confounded with the complex plural inflections because the formation of plural words is easier in the Malay language. It can be seen in Excerpt 5 as illustrated by the researcher below. Excerpt 5: Rules for formation of plural forms in Malay language In the Malay language, the common method to show plurality is by reduplication. Plurality is called ‘kata ganda’ which simply means ‘duplicate’. Plural inflections exist in three common suffixes? /?s/, /?es/ and /?ies/ for English language. However, in the Malay language, things are much simpler as students are needed to just reduplicate the words in order to make it plural. Excerpt 6: Comparison between English and Malay language plural forms In English language, students have no option rather than to know that the suffix /?es/ must be added to words that end with /?f/. If students spell it as shelfs, it would be wrong. The Malay language is easier compared to the English language since students have option to either duplicate the word ‘rak’ using the symbol (?) or to insert cardinal or ordinal words before the word ‘rak’ in order to show plurality. If cardinal or ordinal words are used, the word ‘rak’ will remain no changes at all, for instance some shelves = beberapa rak. To be safe, most students will apply the use of reduplication. Despite all the differences in the formation of plurality between both languages, there are similarities identified by the researcher. In both languages, plurality is indicated by cardinal like all (semua), some (sebahagian/beberapa) as shown in Excerpt 7. Excerpt 7 The second similarity is both languages have quantitative nouns that indicate numbers as shown in Excerpt 8. Excerpt 8 5. 0 Study’s Conclusion This study has found that there are differences and similarities regarding the formation of plural forms between Malay and English language. In responding to the aim of this study, it is believed that the differences of plural inflections formation between those languages contribute to the errors in students’ writing. Based on the data collected, it is found that the respondents understand the when and why should we use the plural form. The errors occurred not because the respondents failed to grasp the idea of plurality, but they are confused with the complicated rules of plural inflections in the English language. . 0 Commentary 6. 1 A meaningful study In general, the study itself is a very good research. It touches on a very specific area which is plural inflection. Generally, Malaysian children were introduced to this language as early as four or five years old, at their pre?school level. This teaching and learning process gradually continues from pre?school to primary and secondary school. The duration of exposure towards English language in classroom setting would be approximately 11 years. Although English language has been given much respect and attention, there are still learners being underachievers and not proficient in the language at the end of their secondary school level as claimed by the researcher. Contrastive analysis is an inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language. In this study, the researcher focused on the analysis of morphemes which carries grammatical meaning which is plural inflection. Some researchers believed that when similarities and differences between L1 and L2 were identified, pedagogy could be more effective. This statement is developed from the master mind of contrastive analysis, Lado (1957) where he states â€Å"those elements that are similar to the learners’ native language will be simple for him, but those that are different will be difficult. † Hence, this study is significant since the aspect of plurality is being analyzed in terms of both languages. Lado’s statement supports this paper’s hypothesis that Malay students find it difficult to understand and use English language plural inflections because there are no plural inflections in the Malay language. Hashimah, Norsimah, Kesumawati (2008) in their study of grammatical structures agree that different construction of plural forms in Malay and English language contributes to the difficulty of acquiring the language. 6. 2 Methodology Moreover, other strength in this study is the reliability and validity of instruments. The use of Cloze-test is a very good approach. The researcher included various structures; however, once the Cloze?test is collected, analysis is made only on plural inflections. It is predicted that she does not wish for her respondents to be aware that this was a test on plural form. This is a brilliant idea to avoid students giving more attention to certain questions. As the result, the findings would be questionable. 6. 3 Findings It is observed from the findings of Cloze-test 1 and Cloze-test 2, there are two noticeable interesting findings. 1) Cloze-test 1: 3 or 15% of the higher proficiency students committed errors in Question 1 while surprisingly; all of the lower proficiency students answered Question 1 correctly. 2) Cloze-test 2: For Question 7, it is noteworthy that there were more students from higher proficiency category committed error. Based on these two interesting findings, we can generalize that, there are actually more students from higher level of proficiency that committed errors in forming plural inflections for certain words. Clearly here we can see that, even though those who are among higher level of proficiency and expected to know more about the English language structures and rules, yet still committed more errors. This denies the assumption that only those who are among lower level of proficiency will have more tendencies to commit error in forming plural inflections due to lack of knowledge of L2 structures and rules. Thus, I am in favour of what the researcher has claimed, â€Å"The errors occurred not because the respondents failed to grasp the idea of plurality, but they are confused with the complicated rules of plural inflections in the English language†. 6. 3 Pedagogical Implications This study is significant for it creates awareness to the readers on the importance of knowing the differences between two language structures. It has an impact to the teaching and learning environment as it serves as a guideline for educators. Now, the educators will have the opportunity to acknowledge the areas that students are weak in. With the results from this study, educators are able to prepare better lesson plans to cater the students’ difficulties. Teachers can provide better explanation for grammatical structure like the plural inflection in classroom by considering comparing rules of both languages. 6. 4 Limitations and Recommendations This study was done on a small scale of samples, there were only 40 students from semester one in an institution only. As for future study, it is suggested to other researcher to consider of incorporating more samples to measure the students’ authentic understanding on the usage of plural inflections. It is also recommended that in the future study, emphasis should also be given to other aspects of plurality such as the loan words (e. g. stimulus stimuli) rather than just focusing on the inflections /?s/, /?es/ and /?ies/. 7. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, despite of few limitations of study, it is true to say that this study is a good research. It gives more contributions especially for ESL learners in general, Malay students in specific. Also, the result of study can be benefit by the ESL teachers. As for future study, it is important in making sure that the research caters all the possibilities and limitations of this study.

General Artificial Intelligence ( Ai ) - 1201 Words

My research interests lie in the area of general Artificial Intelligence (AI). In my doctorate, I want to focus on making AI robotic systems safe, interactive and trustable. This follows from my master’s thesis work on explainable AI. I believe that this unexplored field is an essential step needed to integrating cutting-edge technology into our society, as this will increase its trustworthiness among people. For example, an autonomous car coming late to pick us up should be able to say, â€Å"The fifth avenue had bad traffic,† for the human to rely on the technology. This transparency in robots is necessary for people to be not only able, but also willing, to use such technology to its fullest potential. Therefore, I believe this new field will be the main focus of the next decade. I developed an interest in robotics from participating in many robotics competitions in my undergraduate at IIT Madras, India. 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