Turn-Taking System as Described in Conversation Analysis

Outline and illustrate the turn-taking system as described in Conversation Analysis Introduction to Discourse Student Number: 12022165 Academic year 2012/2013 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCITON 2 TURN-TAKING 3 STRUCTURE OF THE TURN-TAKING SYSTEM 3.1 Techniques for selecting the next speaker 4 OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE CONVERSATION 4.1 Openings 4.1.1 Topic 4.2 Closings 5 CONCLUSION INTRODUCITON In conversation people seem to follow a certain rule of communication which is often perceived as effortless as breathing but not many people are aware that turn-taking system as described in conversation analysis is deeply structured, organized and has a predictable pattern. It is also one of the basic mechanisms in†¦show more content†¦To avoid unintended implicature in dispreferred responses (invitation/declination) we often add something to them. We can not respond to the invitation by saying â€Å"no† as this could be considered as inappropriate and would create implicature. That is why in the case of declining an invitation we have to add an apology, explanation or an excuse why we refused the offer. There are also examples when we have one adjacency pair embedded within another Dispreferred or complex responses can also be: †¢ Silence †¢ Pauses †¢ Preface: well, uhm, ah Example: [pic] (Levinson, 1983:308) Politicians often take on these dispreferred responses in order to avoid anwsering a question directly. Alternative responses to the first part of the adjacency pairs are: [pic] (Levinson, 1983:307) Example: Interview of Paxman vs. Howard in which Howard (leader of the oposing party) continues to avoid anwsering the questions provided by Paxman. Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? Howard: I was not entitled to instruct Derek Lewis and I did not instruct him. Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? Howard: The truth of the matter is that Mr. Marriot was not suspended- Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? 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Marble Racing to Find a Liqids Viscosity - 1612 Words

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Feminine Divine Traits Buddhism And Christianity

1. Feminine divine traits – Buddhism/Christianity Whether it is in a polytheistic or a monotheistic religion, the gender of divinity is always a topic given great attention. Although Buddhism doesn’t put much focus on gods in the teaching, it does include certain religious aspects such as praying to the higher beings. The feminine divine traits in Buddhism can be found with a closer examination on the feminine metaphors in the Buddhist scriptures. While Buddhas are predominantly in male form, divine beings like Bodhisattvas often appears to be female figures including Kwan Yin and Tara. The concept of Buddha nature is described as â€Å"tathagata garbha† at times, which means Buddha womb. The imagery of this spiritual womb nurturing the nature for all beings implies the significance of this feminine feature. Another example is how the Buddha’s wisdom is referred to as a ‘she’ in some Buddhist texts. The involvement of both feminine and masculine traits seems to underline the irrelevance of gender in Buddhahood. On the other hand, in Christianity a prevailing image of God being the ‘Father’ is developed. The teachings of Jesus powerfully delineate God as a kind and merciful father accepting and guiding his children with no discrimination. In fact, there is only one explicit example in the scriptures comparing God seeking a sinner to a housewife in search of a lost coin. In addition to the masculine image of God, it is argued that between two human sexes, Jesus as a male isShow MoreRelated From Western to Asian Environmental Ethics Essay example3991 Words   |  16 Pageslimitations of a modern Western world-view, and the practical applicability of ideas to be found in Asian philosophies. In outline, the contrast may be portrayed by the following overgeneralizations: (1) From a linear to a cyclical world view; (2) from divine salvation to karmic necessity; (3) from human dominion over nature to human place within nature; (4) from the perfectibility of humanity and the world through science; (5) from atomistic mechanistic individualism to organic interdependence; (6) fromRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagesand contingencies with laughter, is a high form of wisdom.† Reinhold Niebuhr, â€Å"Humour and Faith,† in Discerning the Signs of the Times: Sermons for Today and Tomorrow (1945), 111, 122, 126.* â€Å"Religion and humor are incompatible. . . . Humor: the divine flash that reveals the world in its moral ambiguity and man in his profound incompetence to judge others; humor: the intoxicating relativity of human things; the strange pleasure that comes of the certainty that there is no certainty.† Milan KunderaRead MoreComparison Between Japan and Russia13811 Words   |  56 Pageseffort. The deployment is the largest since World War II. History NOTHING SIMILAR MAY be found in foreign lands, wrote Kitabatake Chikafusa when he described Japan in his fourteenth century Jinno sh t ki (Chronicle of the Direct Descent of the Divine Sovereigns). Although Japans culture developed late in Asian terms and was much influenced by China and later the West, its history, like its art and literature, is special among world civilizations. As some scholars have argued, these outside influencesRead MoreNegotiation and Culture: Case Study24152 Words   |  97 PagesIndividualism indicates the degree to which people of a particular culture learn to act as individuals rather than as members of a group. It is essential to remember that all people and cultures posses both individual and collective traits, but at the same time one of these traits is always more dominant or more visible than the other (Samovar Porter, 2004: 59). A typical collectivistic culture distinguishes between in-groups (relatives, clans, and organizations), and out-groups ( the rest of ones network)

Childhood And Treatment Of Children Essay Example For Students

Childhood And Treatment Of Children Essay Children all over the world are treated differently at different times, during different centuries. Some children are raised by both of their parents in a good environment, with good conditions, and with a good education. Those kids are well taken care of and are happy if love is added to all that. The place that they live in becomes perfect. There are other kids, though, that have no loving parent, or no parents at all; no beautiful warm home, or no home at all; no healthy food, or no food at all and no good education, or no education at all. They have to work all day just to survive and get a little bit of something to eat. These children, unlike the other kids, are treated badly, abused and used. As time changes, people change: sometimes for the worst and sometimes for the better. Even now, children are mistreated in other countries and even here in America. Pip is left without parents to be raised by his sister. His sister, Mrs. Joe, is twenty years older than Pip. She is raising Pip by hand, meaning she lays her hand on him whenever possible, which is all the time. Pip is treated very badly, but at least he has a friend who would stand up to him; Joe is Mrs. Joe Gargerys husband. Joe wants Pip to have a good education even though he himself didnt have one, but Mrs. Joe, on the other hand, thinks its not a good idea and a waste of time. Pip does things like other kids do; he plays, eats, and goes to sleep. The food that he is given is healthy very tasteful, that it makes me want to eat it. His room, even though its very small because its right under the roof, is his own room, where he has privacy. The conditions that he lives in are ok to live in; theyre not the best, but not the worst either. How Pip lives, I would say, is that he has less than half of the good stuff, like the food and home and more of the bad stuff, like not really a loving sister and not a very good education, so these conditions are right in the middle Dickens, Charles; The Great Expectations. Unlike the children in the poem, The Cry of the Children, where the kids are made to work all day in the factories and mines, without anyone there to help them and protect them against the child labor, Pip doesnt have to work at all, to my knowledge. The children, as Browning describes them, are tired, weak, and sick, with pale faces, and sad eyes. They cry and weep, yet no one hears them and dont want to listen to them at all. Education, in this case, is out of the picture and is not even mentioned anywhere, because they need those children to work for they all day long without any rest. They dont even have any time or energy left to just be kids and play out in the sun on the meadows with the beautiful butterflies and caterpillars Browning, Elizabeth. In the book, The Mill on the Floss, by George Eliot, Mr. Tulliver wants his boy to get a good education, just like Joe wants Pip to get a good education. Mr. Tulliver wants the best for his kid, but for his daughter, he doesnt care much. Still, their daughter gets the proper things and is taken care of, plus she has time and opportunity to read books and play outside by the water. This environment is better than what Pip has and much, much better than what the children have that have to work in the mines and factories. .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .postImageUrl , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:visited , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:active { border:0!important; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:active , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pekeliling flats of kuala lumpur EssayThere is a big contrast in The Old Nurses Story, where one child has all the love in the world, even though both her parents died, and has a nice, big, warm home, with food to eat, and a bed to sleep, and the other child only has a mother who cares about her, while everyone else hates her. Miss Rosamond lives happily and gets everything she needs, while the other girl was thrown out into the cold and freezing night, without any food or anyone to help them Gaskell, Elizabeth. All these kids were treated differently. Some were treated like royalties, while others were treated like dirt or robots that have no feelings.