Self-Reflective Essay on Writing

Self-Reflective Essay on WritingSo you want to write a self-reflective essay on writing. As a writer yourself, you probably know that this is the best way to express your feelings and ideas in a clear and concise manner. It also enables you to put things into words that you would not be able to otherwise.However, if you're like most people who aren't actually in the habit of reflecting, how do you get started? What tools should you use? The following are tools to help you become a better writer.Get an Editor: An editor can make or break your work. They will give you a clearer idea of what kind of final product you should have and how you should present it. It's unfortunate that many writers think they can be their own editor. An editor has experience in the same kind of writing and is well versed in the techniques of good writing.Use an Editor: This is also a great tool to use in determining what kind of writer you are. Many times a great editor can provide the kind of critique you m ay not have been receiving. They can tell you what works and what doesn't. If you're not in the habit of writing, you can also ask your editor to proofread your work for you.Practice: Of course, writing practice is just as important as the practice you get from doing your craft. You may spend a lot of time thinking about your writing, but without practicing, you'll never become truly proficient. There are a variety of writing tools and activities you can utilize that will improve your ability to write. Listening to music or just doing some light exercise is also helpful.Use Other Writing Tools: Books, magazines, articles, and anything else that is related to your craft is a great tool. You can use these tools to inspire you. You may even use them to help you practice your craft. What is more, if you're not a writer, you may find that other writers are able to point out your poor writing habits, as well as how to fix them.Self reflective essay on writing is important. When you take t he time to reflect on your thoughts and writings, you will find that you become better as a writer. This in turn will help you move through your life more smoothly and enjoy the benefits of your written work.Becoming a better writer is a matter of taking action and getting started. Consider using any of the techniques mentioned above as a start to improving your writing. The more you write, the better you will become and the more fun and fulfillment you will find in your work.

Turn-Taking System as Described in Conversation Analysis

Outline and illustrate the turn-taking system as described in Conversation Analysis Introduction to Discourse Student Number: 12022165 Academic year 2012/2013 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCITON 2 TURN-TAKING 3 STRUCTURE OF THE TURN-TAKING SYSTEM 3.1 Techniques for selecting the next speaker 4 OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE CONVERSATION 4.1 Openings 4.1.1 Topic 4.2 Closings 5 CONCLUSION INTRODUCITON In conversation people seem to follow a certain rule of communication which is often perceived as effortless as breathing but not many people are aware that turn-taking system as described in conversation analysis is deeply structured, organized and has a predictable pattern. It is also one of the basic mechanisms in†¦show more content†¦To avoid unintended implicature in dispreferred responses (invitation/declination) we often add something to them. We can not respond to the invitation by saying â€Å"no† as this could be considered as inappropriate and would create implicature. That is why in the case of declining an invitation we have to add an apology, explanation or an excuse why we refused the offer. There are also examples when we have one adjacency pair embedded within another Dispreferred or complex responses can also be: †¢ Silence †¢ Pauses †¢ Preface: well, uhm, ah Example: [pic] (Levinson, 1983:308) Politicians often take on these dispreferred responses in order to avoid anwsering a question directly. Alternative responses to the first part of the adjacency pairs are: [pic] (Levinson, 1983:307) Example: Interview of Paxman vs. Howard in which Howard (leader of the oposing party) continues to avoid anwsering the questions provided by Paxman. Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? Howard: I was not entitled to instruct Derek Lewis and I did not instruct him. Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? Howard: The truth of the matter is that Mr. Marriot was not suspended- Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him? Howard: I did not overule Derek Lewis- Paxman: Did you threaten toShow MoreRelatedPresentation of Research Proposal1249 Words   |  5 PagesTurn-Taking Management for Multimodal Dialogue Systems Introduction Natural dialogue involves the management of many communicative resources in a complex activity. Participants in a conversation transmit information, agree and disagree between each other, monitor the communicative status of their messages, make decisions about non-linguistic actions and, among other things, they deal with social conventions about who is to talk and when. Conversations are joint actions in which participants individuallyRead MoreThe Basis Of Institutional Talk : Drew And Heritage1466 Words   |  6 PagesI will begin my analysis by explaining the basis of institutional talk – Drew and Heritage (1992b) identify two types of institutional conversation – formal and informal. In formal interaction, participation is focused on particular tasks with a goal to be achieved, and tends to have a fairly rigid, stricter structure. Institutional conversations are more constrained in what will be taken as allowable contributions to the conversation, and inferences wi ll be based on the business or task at handRead MoreConversational Dominance In Glengarry Glen Ross1144 Words   |  5 PagesConversational analysis: Understanding how turn-taking linguistically attempts to attain conversational dominance in David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross. David Worster in his essay ‘How to Do Things with Salesmen: David Mamet s Speech - Act Play’ puts the literature of David Mamet, especially, ‘Glengarry Glen Ross’ in the light that the raison d à ªtre of language and dialogue is merely conversational dominance. In this essay, David Worster perorates (Page 14, Paragraph 1). ‘The more closely the useRead MoreThe Egg And The Sperm By Emily Martin910 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ Academic research throughout the conversation of language in science indiscreetly displays gender bias towards women, aiding the theories that Martin addresses in her article. 2. Introduction paragraph: †¢ Introduce, Emily Martin’s article The Egg and the Sperm. Martin’s main goal is to shine a light on gender stereotypes hidden in the language of biology (Martin 1). Explain the gender roles in scientific language. Three main points of the article, Gender bias is seen in an early age in scienceRead MoreWomen Of The Working Population1484 Words   |  6 Pagesto the context (Millward, Haslam, 2013). Prototypes demonstrates the perceived representative characteristics of a group and is described as â€Å"†¦a set of expectations regarding a person’s appropriate traits and behavior,† (Haslam, 2004, p. 44). Consequently, how individuals perceive their fit with the prototype affects their identification with the job which in turn affects motivation and intentions to leave (Haslam, 2004; Peters et al., 2012). Additionally, how people view their similarities toRead MoreSociology Functionalism and Symbolic Interaction1494 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent levels and from different perspectives. From concrete interpretations to sweeping generalizations of society and social behaviour, sociologists study everything from specific events, the micro level of analysis of small social patterns, to the big picture, the macro level of analysis of large social patterns. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: the symbolic interactions perspective, the f unctionalist perspective, and the conflict perspective. These perspectivesRead MoreThe Fight Against International Terrorism1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthat have brought their extremists views to the battlefields, the socio-economic issues currently plaguing the stability of Yemen provide the backdrop for the most potent threat to the U.S. homeland and its interests in the region. This Red Cell Analysis will provide a historical overview and internal look at the terrorist organization known as Al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula while uncovering which intelligence collection programs housed throughout the U.S. Intelligence Community are best suitedRead MoreA Post War Society Through Landscapes Of Memory And Oblivion1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfigures of difference and identity, past and present, inside and outside, inclusion and exclusion (Bhabha 1994: 1) This paper tries to understand how a national narrative is construed in a post war society through landscapes of memory and oblivion. The analysis interrogates claims of past, present and future that fashion the landscape and the resulting ambivalences in interpreting identities. RomeshGunasekara’s short story collection Noontide Toll interweaves the story of the war distraught island throughRead MoreEffects Of Illegal Immigration On Health Care Cost1438 Words   |  6 Pagesregarding the costs associated with treating illegal immigrants. Additionally, on a countrywide level, there is an ongoing endeavor to push illegal immigrant children toward federally funded Children’s Health Insurance by the governing body which in turn will effectively raise the current tax rates for all Americans. As an alternative, some policymakers are trying to use creative language in order to guarantee that illegal immigrants were blocked from obtaining health care services (Maxwell Adol foRead MoreThe Do I Trust Others?1342 Words   |  6 Pageswhereas an individual with little to no faith in people scored a five and individuals with more faith in people scores a one. Robbins collected the results from 4,200 students and separated them by their level of trust. After reviewing the Robbins analysis, we discovered that our score falls within the 50th percentile. People, who presumably have a lower amount of faith in others, tend to seek an education or position in the fields such as Marketing or Finance. Conversely, individuals who have a higher

Marble Racing to Find a Liqids Viscosity - 1612 Words

Race Your Marbles to Discover a Liquids Viscosity Which Liquid Has the Highest Viscosity? In this project we will determine the viscosities of 5 separate liquids. The liquids we will test are corn syrup, honey, vegetable oil, milk, and water. We will find their viscosities by dropping a marble into each of these liquids and measuring the time it takes for it to reach the bottom. Before we conduct the experiment, we must first understand what viscosity is. â€Å"Viscosity is the quantity that describes a fluids resistance to flow†.1 It is essentially fluid friction and transforms kinetic energy of motion into heat energy, just as friction (â€Å"the force between surfaces in contact that resists their relative tangential motion†) does between†¦show more content†¦This equation is not a law of nature, but a reasonable first approximation. Liquids such as water and some gases fit this criterion and are called Newtonian fluids. Water is an example of a Newtonian fluid because, no matter how fast it is stirred or mixed, it still exemplifies properties of a fluid. When stirring or mixing a non-Newtonian fluid a â€Å"hole† is left behind. It may also become thinner and more viscous. Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille was interested in the flow of human blood and formulated Poiseuille’s Law. He made a series of tubes to test uniform viscous liquids in. These successfully modeled the blood flow in capillaries and veins, flow through a drinking straw, air flow in lung alveoli, or through a needle. The equation he used was: [pic] where: ΔP is the pressure drop L is the length of pipe ÃŽ ¼ is the dynamic viscosity Q is the volumetric flow rate r is the radius Ï€ is pi In order to form a hypothesis of which fluid has the highest viscosity, we must also have knowledge of each fluid we will test. Corn syrup is glucose syrup that is made from cornstarch. The viscosity and sweetness of it depends on the amount of hydrolysis it undergoes. It is most commonly used as a thickener, a sweetener, and in maintaining a food’s freshness. Honey

Feminine Divine Traits Buddhism And Christianity

1. Feminine divine traits – Buddhism/Christianity Whether it is in a polytheistic or a monotheistic religion, the gender of divinity is always a topic given great attention. Although Buddhism doesn’t put much focus on gods in the teaching, it does include certain religious aspects such as praying to the higher beings. The feminine divine traits in Buddhism can be found with a closer examination on the feminine metaphors in the Buddhist scriptures. While Buddhas are predominantly in male form, divine beings like Bodhisattvas often appears to be female figures including Kwan Yin and Tara. The concept of Buddha nature is described as â€Å"tathagata garbha† at times, which means Buddha womb. The imagery of this spiritual womb nurturing the nature for all beings implies the significance of this feminine feature. Another example is how the Buddha’s wisdom is referred to as a ‘she’ in some Buddhist texts. The involvement of both feminine and masculine traits seems to underline the irrelevance of gender in Buddhahood. On the other hand, in Christianity a prevailing image of God being the ‘Father’ is developed. The teachings of Jesus powerfully delineate God as a kind and merciful father accepting and guiding his children with no discrimination. In fact, there is only one explicit example in the scriptures comparing God seeking a sinner to a housewife in search of a lost coin. In addition to the masculine image of God, it is argued that between two human sexes, Jesus as a male isShow MoreRelated From Western to Asian Environmental Ethics Essay example3991 Words   |  16 Pageslimitations of a modern Western world-view, and the practical applicability of ideas to be found in Asian philosophies. In outline, the contrast may be portrayed by the following overgeneralizations: (1) From a linear to a cyclical world view; (2) from divine salvation to karmic necessity; (3) from human dominion over nature to human place within nature; (4) from the perfectibility of humanity and the world through science; (5) from atomistic mechanistic individualism to organic interdependence; (6) fromRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagesand contingencies with laughter, is a high form of wisdom.† Reinhold Niebuhr, â€Å"Humour and Faith,† in Discerning the Signs of the Times: Sermons for Today and Tomorrow (1945), 111, 122, 126.* â€Å"Religion and humor are incompatible. . . . Humor: the divine flash that reveals the world in its moral ambiguity and man in his profound incompetence to judge others; humor: the intoxicating relativity of human things; the strange pleasure that comes of the certainty that there is no certainty.† Milan KunderaRead MoreComparison Between Japan and Russia13811 Words   |  56 Pageseffort. The deployment is the largest since World War II. History NOTHING SIMILAR MAY be found in foreign lands, wrote Kitabatake Chikafusa when he described Japan in his fourteenth century Jinno sh t ki (Chronicle of the Direct Descent of the Divine Sovereigns). Although Japans culture developed late in Asian terms and was much influenced by China and later the West, its history, like its art and literature, is special among world civilizations. As some scholars have argued, these outside influencesRead MoreNegotiation and Culture: Case Study24152 Words   |  97 PagesIndividualism indicates the degree to which people of a particular culture learn to act as individuals rather than as members of a group. It is essential to remember that all people and cultures posses both individual and collective traits, but at the same time one of these traits is always more dominant or more visible than the other (Samovar Porter, 2004: 59). A typical collectivistic culture distinguishes between in-groups (relatives, clans, and organizations), and out-groups ( the rest of ones network)

Childhood And Treatment Of Children Essay Example For Students

Childhood And Treatment Of Children Essay Children all over the world are treated differently at different times, during different centuries. Some children are raised by both of their parents in a good environment, with good conditions, and with a good education. Those kids are well taken care of and are happy if love is added to all that. The place that they live in becomes perfect. There are other kids, though, that have no loving parent, or no parents at all; no beautiful warm home, or no home at all; no healthy food, or no food at all and no good education, or no education at all. They have to work all day just to survive and get a little bit of something to eat. These children, unlike the other kids, are treated badly, abused and used. As time changes, people change: sometimes for the worst and sometimes for the better. Even now, children are mistreated in other countries and even here in America. Pip is left without parents to be raised by his sister. His sister, Mrs. Joe, is twenty years older than Pip. She is raising Pip by hand, meaning she lays her hand on him whenever possible, which is all the time. Pip is treated very badly, but at least he has a friend who would stand up to him; Joe is Mrs. Joe Gargerys husband. Joe wants Pip to have a good education even though he himself didnt have one, but Mrs. Joe, on the other hand, thinks its not a good idea and a waste of time. Pip does things like other kids do; he plays, eats, and goes to sleep. The food that he is given is healthy very tasteful, that it makes me want to eat it. His room, even though its very small because its right under the roof, is his own room, where he has privacy. The conditions that he lives in are ok to live in; theyre not the best, but not the worst either. How Pip lives, I would say, is that he has less than half of the good stuff, like the food and home and more of the bad stuff, like not really a loving sister and not a very good education, so these conditions are right in the middle Dickens, Charles; The Great Expectations. Unlike the children in the poem, The Cry of the Children, where the kids are made to work all day in the factories and mines, without anyone there to help them and protect them against the child labor, Pip doesnt have to work at all, to my knowledge. The children, as Browning describes them, are tired, weak, and sick, with pale faces, and sad eyes. They cry and weep, yet no one hears them and dont want to listen to them at all. Education, in this case, is out of the picture and is not even mentioned anywhere, because they need those children to work for they all day long without any rest. They dont even have any time or energy left to just be kids and play out in the sun on the meadows with the beautiful butterflies and caterpillars Browning, Elizabeth. In the book, The Mill on the Floss, by George Eliot, Mr. Tulliver wants his boy to get a good education, just like Joe wants Pip to get a good education. Mr. Tulliver wants the best for his kid, but for his daughter, he doesnt care much. Still, their daughter gets the proper things and is taken care of, plus she has time and opportunity to read books and play outside by the water. This environment is better than what Pip has and much, much better than what the children have that have to work in the mines and factories. .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .postImageUrl , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:visited , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:active { border:0!important; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:active , .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2 .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e7372911d50481d248bb5b90da255a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pekeliling flats of kuala lumpur EssayThere is a big contrast in The Old Nurses Story, where one child has all the love in the world, even though both her parents died, and has a nice, big, warm home, with food to eat, and a bed to sleep, and the other child only has a mother who cares about her, while everyone else hates her. Miss Rosamond lives happily and gets everything she needs, while the other girl was thrown out into the cold and freezing night, without any food or anyone to help them Gaskell, Elizabeth. All these kids were treated differently. Some were treated like royalties, while others were treated like dirt or robots that have no feelings.

Nothing free essay sample

The menu is famous for integrating roasted nuts (hazelnuts, pistachios, almonds), GianduJa, Orange Peel, dried Strawberry bits, and more. Recently, Patchi introduced 5 new exotic flavors to its menu with Cotton Candy, Cheesecake, Peanut Butter in some of the recipes. [7] Presence[edit] A Patchi outlet in Taguig City, Philippines Expansion Network The business is well expanded and properly established at 28 countries spread amongst the globe with a great deal of focus on the Middle East The Home of Patchi as well as recognizable presence in North Africa, Asia Pacific, etc. Countries are: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Canada (Online), Egypt, France, Chinese Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jordan, KSA, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico (Online), Morocco, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Syria, South Africa, Tunisia, IJAE, I-JK, Ukraine, and USA. [8] As for the boutiques network it consists of 145 boutiques, fairly distributed according to market demand and expertise in the field. Patchis online boutique caters to the North American markets at http:// usa. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Patchi. com and http://canada. patchi. com. Worldwide Store locations can be ound on this page. Industrial network and divisions[edit] Patchi has a network of 5 factories, in: Lebanon, KSA, UAE, Syria Egypt. Aside from chocolate, Patchi runs 4 other manufacturing divisions, one which produces all packages (printing section), another that produces the Silver Line (Patchi Silver), the porcelain section (creation various fillings for chocolates) and finally the Flower division or in other words the section that caters for the development of chocolate decoration and all other forms of ornaments. nothing By poiuytrewqlkJhfdsa Nothing free essay sample It Is very important for me to express to you how much you really mean to me. Wish I could do this in person while holding you in my arms and gazing into your eyes But since we are physically separated by miles of emptiness, this expression must come In the form of letters such as this. Nice, I know It is difficult for you, as It Is for me, to have a long distance relationship. We had met through a social networking site and I keep on hoping to meet you soon In person.Although we have not seen each other yet, but Im pretty sure that my feelings for you Is pure ; true. Life seems to be full of trials in this type of relationship we have, which test our Inner strength, and more Importantly, our devotion and love for one another. After all, It Is said that True Love Is boundless and Immeasurable and overcomes all forms of diversity. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In truth, If It Is genuine, It will grow stronger with each assault upon Its existence.Nice, our love has been assaulted many times and I am convinced that It Is true because the longer I am away from you, the greater is my yearning to be with you. You are my Charming Prince and I am your devoted Princess. I cherish any thought of you, prize any memory of you that rises from the depths of my mind and live for the day when our physical separation will no longer be. Until that moment arrives, I send to you across the miles, my tender love, my warm embrace and my most passionate kiss. Love always, Nothing free essay sample D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. 2. Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs? A) The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. B) The residual volume of the lungs decreases. C) The diaphragm contracts. D) The epiglottis closes. E) The rib cage expands. 3. A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of A) 1,450 mL. D) 5,000 mL. B) 4,000 mL. E) 5,450 mL. C) 4,450 mL. 300-Organisms in water use countercurrent exchange for gas diffusion. A. How does this work? Blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills, blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets (remember higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure! ). Gills have several outfoldings to increase surface area and exchange B. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why do organisms living in water need to do this? The water medium has inherently lower concentrations of oxygen and higher viscosity of air so countercurrent exchange helps to facilitate diffusion 400-1. The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate? A) nitric acid D) carbon dioxide B) nitrogen E) carbon monoxide C) oxygen 2. Blood carbon dioxide levels determine the pH of other body fluids as well as blood, including the pH of cerebrospinal fluid. How does this enable the organism to control breathing? A) The brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. B) The medulla, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. C) The brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. D) Stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla to speed up or slow breathing. E) The medulla is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood. 1 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th 3. The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in A) the partial pressure of oxygen. D) temperature. B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. E) pH. C) hemoglobin concentration. 500-How are gas exchange and circulation coordinated in the human lungs? Blood arrives in the lungs has low partial pressure of O2 and a high partial pressure of CO2 relative to air in the alveoli -In alveoli-O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the air -In tissue capillaries, O2 diffuses into interstitial fluids and CO2 diffuses into the blood Birds do it, bees do it, †¦ 100-Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate. B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation. C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid. D) dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur. E) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females. 200-Name two reasons for and two reasons against asexual reproduction. For: -do not waste energy finding a mate -rapid reproduction colonization in favorable habitats -ensures gene pool is passed to next generation Against: -pathogens can decimate clonal populations -loss of genetic diversity -cannot easily rid population of harmful mutation 300-Internal vs external fertilization. Make one comparison and one contrast Comparison -both produce zygotes -both are sexual reproduction Contrasts -External-many gametes for both sexes (not just male) -Greater parental investment (internal) -invest reproductive energy differently b. Where and when does fertilization occur in humans? Oviduct/fallopian tube, ovulation 400-1. In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ, in that A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis happens in embryonic development. B) oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth. E) spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born. 2. Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that A) they both have the same number of chromosomes. 2 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th B) they are approximately the same size. C) they each have a flagellum that provides motility. D) they are produced from puberty until death. E) they are formed before birth. 00- For both men and women, the hypothalmus is releasing __________ which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete _____________ and ______________. GnRH, FSH, LH In turn, these hormones are in part controlled by what two main hormonal products in women and one main hormonal product in men. estradiol and progesterone, testosterone When does meiosis II occur for sperm and for a n oocyte? sperm- before ejaculated oocyte-after fertilization If It’s Yellow†¦ 100-1. The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that A) urea can be exchanged for Na+. B) urea is less toxic than ammonia. C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. E) less nitrogen is removed from the body. 200-Match the following with their excretory system 1. Earthworms (D) 2. Crickets (E) 3. Flatworms (A) 4. Humans (B) 5. Jellyfish (C) 300-1. Put the following in the correct order A. Ascending Loop of Henle B. Descending Loop of Henle C. Collecting Duct D. Distal Tubule E. Proximal Tubule F. Bowmans capsule and glomerulus F-E-B-A-D-C 2. Where are these tubes, etc found and are there many of them in the human body? Nephron of the kidney, Yes, ~80 million 3. After the last step listed here where does the filtrate go on its final journey out of the body? Renal pelvis to ureter to urinary bladder to urethra 400-1. Which one of the following is extremely important for water conservation in mammals? A) juxtamedullary nephrons B) Bowmans capsule C) urethra D) podocytes E) ureter 3 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th 2. What makes these components so special? Longer loop of Henle that goes deep into medulla 500-Picking 2 components, explain how they work to concentrate urine. Proximal Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Tubule Collecting Duct In the Nephron Cortex: †¢ Blood flows from the renal artery into the afferent arteriole †¢ Blood enters the capillaries of the glomerulus where blood pressure forces filtrate into the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule (filtrate consists of salts, glucose, and other small molecules – no blood cells or plasma proteins as they are too large to filter through the capillaries) †¢ In the proximal tubule: From the Bowman’s capsule, filtrate passes through the Proximal tubule where Na+ (which results in passive transport of Cl- ions in the form of NaCl), K+, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate buffer and other nutrients are absorbed into the interstitial fluid and transported through the peritubular capillaries (water follows via osmosis as the interstitial fluid becomes hyperosmotic to the filtrate) Also the site of waste filtration (like processed drugs from the liver) via nonselective filtration from the interstitial fluid and surrounding tissues This is also the site of pH regulation of body fluids as transport epithelium secrete H+ and buffering NH3 to form ammonium ions (NH4+) In the Medulla: †¢ Loop of Henle 1) Filtrate enters the Loop of Henle from the Proximal Tubule 2) Descending Limb carries it down into the Medulla. . Descending Limb is semi-permeable. Water may pass through but ions may not. . Medulla has high osmolarity, causing water to pass from the Loop of Henle into the Medulla. 3) Ascending Limb carries filtrate back up from the Medulla . Ascending Limb is not permeable to water . Dissolved ions are actively transported from the filtrate into the Medulla, increasing its osmolarity. 1) Blood travels through the Vasa Recta in the opposite direction of filtrate in the Loop of Henle. 2) As blood travels down into the medulla, it absorbs some of the ions transported from the Ascending Limb, increasing osmolarity. 3) When blood flows back out of the medulla al ongside the Descending Limb, water is reabsorbed from the Medulla, maintaining its high osmolarity. III. Summary 1) Both the Loop of Henle and the Vasa Recta are countercurrent multipliers that act to conserve water. 2) About 90% of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the time it reaches the Distal Tubule. Back to the Nephron Cortex: †¢ In the Distal tubule: Much like the proximal tubule but primarily focused on NaCl reabsorption and K+ secretion into the filtrate pH regulation via reabsorption of bicarbonate and secretion of H+ ions into the filtrate Collecting Duct: †¢ The collecting duct then carries filtrate into the renal pelvis †¢ Site of urine concentration / dilution When kidneys are conserving water, surrounding interstitial fluid is hyperosmotic to the filtrate, thus aquaporin allow water to pass through the walls of the duct into the interstitial fluid 4 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th When kidneys are expelling water, surrounding interstitial fluid is hypoosmotic to the filtrate, thus kidney reabsorbs salts into the interstitial fluid without letting water follow MisMash 100-1. How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans? A) bicarbonate ions in the plasma B) CO2 attached to hemoglobin C) carbonic acid in the erythrocytes D) CO2 dissolved in the plasma E) bicarbonate attached to hemoglobin 2, Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with A) hemoglobin. B) plasma proteins. C) carbon dioxide. D) carbonic acid. E) plasma buffers. 200-1. Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers, so this means that compared to the seawater around them, they are Hypoosmotic, Hyperosmotic or Isoosmotic. Isoosmotic 2. What happens when you put one in a freshwater environment? They will be hyperosmotic to their environment and will not be able osmoregulate and will take on water from environment 300-organisms have evolved several different methods to maximize the efficiencies of different processes. Explain how the organisms have evolved. 1. Deep sea diving mammals such as the Weddell seal and gas exchangecarry 5x amount of oxygen as humans, slow heart rate and limit blood circulation to vital organs 2. Albatrosses can drink salty water -have salt glands consisting of arteries, veins, capillaries and secretory tubules designed to remove remove salt from the blood 400-Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) filtration B) ultrafiltration C) selective reabsorption D) secretion E) active transport 500- 1. How does ADH function at the cellular level? A) ADH stimulates the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. B) It triggers the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. C) It causes membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. D) It causes an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. E) It decreases the speed at which filtrate flow through the nephron leading to increased reabsorption of water. 2. How do ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis? A) ADH monitors osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates blood volume. 5 BIO 102-BioJeopardy II Exam is February 27th B) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Na+ reabsorption. C) ADH an RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS removal of water when it is in excess in body fluids. D) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone which increases both blood volume and pressure. E) Only when they are together in the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, will reabsorption of essential nutrients back into the blood take place. 6

Innocent III Essay Example

Innocent III Essay Example Innocent III Essay Innocent III Essay Essay Topic: History Under Innocent III, the state of the papacy and papal authority changed dramatically and emerged to form what some historians describe as a papal monarchy1. One could argue that during Innocents reign of 1198-1216, the medieval papacy was at the peak of its power in terms of military strength, control over Rome, international political power and moral influence. Innocent IIIs own writings reflect this point of view, as he makes clear that he views his position as one of unquestionable, divine endowed authority. However when considering this question of whether the papacy was indeed at its height under Innocent, the gap between theological theory and political reality must be considered, as well as Innocents reign in relation to his predecessors and successors which may lead historians to inflate their opinion of this period in papal history, due to the decline of the papacy that occurred under Innocent IV. Innocent III international involvement is greater than any of the popes before or after him, during his reign he interfered in almost every kingdom in Europe2, however this does not provide evidence for him actually wielding any power as he was regularly ignored by monarchs such as by King John of England. In England, King John defied the pope by making Hubert Walter chancellor after Innocent had ordered him to release him from office after he began building a church in Lambeth. He also defied him and caused England to be put under interdict in 1205, when John refused to comply with the decree that tax from the clergy should be paid in a lump sum by each diocese. Therefore one could draw the conclusion from this that the papacy had to operate out of good will or else it was ignored, such as when he was forced to back off from the situation in Germany in 1208. However despite England and other examples such as France in 1200 having to be put under interdict for obedience, eventually Innocent III did get his way and his authority was respected, as in 1213 John wrote the Charter of Submission. In this charter he recognized the popes power when he wrote we have pledged and sworn our fealty henceforth to our lord aforesaid, Pope Innocent III3. The reasons behind John finally succumbing to the pope are due to the widespread effects of the interdict and the influence of the pope himself on the Church in England and the life of the clergy, an issue which will be discussed later. Therefore the pope Innocent III does appear to hold substantial international power, despite initial defiance, he ultimately got his way despite the geographical limitations straining communication. One must consider that the medieval papacy throughout the middle ages lacked the bureaucracy, financial resources and political apparatus to effectively be an international authority body, Chaney points out that despite this, Innocent III unlike popes before him, was successful in having international influence despite the fact that a message from Rome to England could take up to a month and was regularly ignored as many letters were regarded as forgeries4. Therefore Innocent III did wield a great deal of authority, Munro argues that the monarchs of Europe were his vassals5, a view clearly shared by Innocent himself when he wrote Now just as the moon derives its light from the sun and is indeed lower than it in quantity and quality, in position and in power, so too the royal power derives the splendour of its dignity from the pontifical authority.. 6. This view is further substantiated by numerous examples of leaders all over Europe seeking out his guidance and even placing their countries under papal rule such as in Hungary and Poland7. Philip Augustus, arguably the most powerful monarch in Europe at the time, was disciplined by the pope for violating the marriage sacrament, Sancho of Portugal was forced to place his country under papal over lordship and he made Alfonso of Leon break off the marriage with his niece. The most famous example of the popes international intervention is acting as arbiter in the dispute over the election between Otto and Philip. One could argue that under Pope Innocent III, the medieval papacy reached its peak of military power and as papal power was dependent on military strength this would render his reign very powerful. Innocent had strong international allies as well as having his own armies of mercenaries, employed troops and loyal military service of barons of the Papal States. He also had the power to call whole nations to arms. However one must question the popes actual military strength as he relied heavily on his international allies rather than his independent power, exemplified by the handing over of the Papal States to Marquis Azzo VI of Este. However, unlike popes before him, Innocents interest in crusading more than those before him may be significant proof that he did indeed hold secure military power. The Albigensian crusade itself however counters this view of the pope having great military power as it became a war of conquest and spiralled into a massacre when the abbot of Citeaux; Arnold Amaury, encouraged troops to commit murder8. On entry into the papacy in 1198, Innocents views on his position as pope were made very clear, he saw himself as the vicar of Christ and therefore a moral authority to all Christians . He appears to have exercised moral authority as leaders approached him for guidance such as Francis of Assisi in 1210. However, one must question the gap between theory and reality, although he believed this to be true, to what extent is it demonstrated throughout his time as pope, and was it greater than other popes during the Middle Ages? To answer this question one must consider the popes influence in the everyday running of the church by the clergy. Using England as an example, it is clear that Innocent exercised a vast influence as during the interdict, Englishmen were deprived of the sacraments of the church as bodies were not buried and marriages were not solemnised in churches. As Binns puts it his weapons may be spiritual but they were uncommonly effective9 The clergy were greatly upset by this and as a result John had to make peace with the pope, one could argue as Chaney does that this shows the strength of the ultimate hold of papal doctrine on the church10, even if not over the individual leader. Innocent himself had no doubts over his control over the church, writing so extensive is the authority of the apostolic see that nothing can reasonably be determined in all the affairs of the church except by its authority11. However one could argue that despite having influence, this is all theoretical power and that this does not show Innocent to be as powerful as many historians inflate his image to be. The calling of the Lateran Council in 1215 is the most decisive piece of evidence in securing the view that Innocent wielded moral influence over the church, being arguably one of the most important councils of the Western church. It was widely attended with representatives from all over the world and by 400 bishops, 800 abbots as well as priors, clergy and laity. This council decided on many issues such as the entry into the crusade and reforming the church on issues such as the restricting of indulgencies12. Munro argues that the council shows the strength of the pope and papal power at its peak as the council was highly regarded as an authoritative force such as the fixing of transubstantiation as a dogma13 . To any pope throughout this period, securing ones power base in Rome and the papal states was of utmost importance and an aspiration of all popes14, one could argue that Innocent III failed in securing this power as Rome was run by a senator elected by the people and he was also forced to flee Rome on two occasions during his reign. However, despite this, Innocent managed to secure some power in Rome as unlike popes before him, he gained the right to choose the senator and he swore loyalty to the pope by oath. Therefore one must question Innocents power over Rome and whether it really demonstrates the papacy at the peak of its power as throughout his reign, he never seems to have gained a firm grip on Rome. With regards to the Papal States, Barraclough argues that Innocent III came nearest of all the popes to realizing the theory of papal theocracy held by Nicholas I and Gregory VII15 . However despite this, Barraclough also argues that there were limitations to his success and at best he half succeeded. During his reign, he more than doubled the papal lands through his policy of recuperation on accession. However his power over the Papal States was weak at best, Sayers argues that in Sicily, despite Innocent having taken to opportunity to gain power the result of Innocents rule in Sicily was chaos and caused a collapse of the government built up by the Norman kings16. However one could argue that this was due to the apparatus available to him rather than weakness in the papacy itself. One must consider when casting a judgement over Innocents power in the Papal States, what he had inherited. On accession, papal power in the Papal States was weak, Henry had power over Sicily and Papal States were held by German counts as well as the papal treasury being depleted. Therefore one must consider his power in the context of what he had to work with, leading to the judgement that he did indeed exert a great deal of power. When one considers the question as to whether the papacy reached its peak under Innocent III, from the evidence available, it appears that historians have over inflated and exaggerated the power the papacy actually held during this period as Innocents letters provide a wealth of evidence to draw from. Therefore although Innocent III held more power than many of his predecessors, it appears that due to the decline of the papacy under Innocent IV, this has led historians to regard Innocent IIIs reign more highly that it possibly deserves. One must consider the gradual gain in power of the papacy as a process and one that can not be solely attributed to one pope, as Chaney points out, the rise in papal power had begun long before Innocent had come to power17, a fact ignored by historians. However, Innocents power should not be diminished in history due to the possible faults of historians, he undeniably held a great deal of power and influence in a range of fields and therefore it does seem fair to argue that under him, the papacy did reach the apogee of its power during the middle ages . In terms of moral influence, one is inclined to agree with the view that as the spiritual sovereign of Latin Christendom, he had no rival18. However, one must still consider that despite this accolade, that is not to say that he did not have areas of great weakness such as in Sicily and that although coming close to, he did not fully achieve the aims of him and those before him in securing Rome and the Papal states. Alternatively, one could argue in his defence that this was due to the resources available to him and that the power he did secure in spite of these limitations shows Innocent III as being very powerful and shows the papacy at the peak of its power.